Satellite-based datasets of surface turbulent fluxes over the global oceans are being evaluated and improved.O cean surface fluxes of heat, moisture, and momentum observed during field experiments show strong variability on temporal scales that range from the diurnal cycle to the life cycle of storms, and on spatial scales as small as that of an individual convective cloud. High-frequency variability (e.g., diurnal, storm scale) in tropical air-sea fluxes has been hypothesized to influence intraseasonal and interannual variability of the monsoon (e.g., Webster et al. 1998) and the Pacific Ocean warm pool and El Nino (e.g., Sui and Lau 1997;Fasullo and Webster 2000). At high latitudes, large variations in surface fluxes and sea surface temperature are seen in response to storms, which impact the temperature, density, and mixing in the upper ocean, further influencing the atmospheric dynamics and thermodynamics. Storm-scale events have been hypothesized (e.g., Marshall et al. 1998;Nardelli and Salusti 2000) to be associated with ocean convection in the high-latitude water mass formation regions, contributing to deep water formation and the global ocean thermohaline circulation. Ocean mixing induced by tropical cyclones might play an important role in driving the global ocean thermohaline circulation and, thereby,
The rainfall frequency atlases and technical papers published by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Weather Service (NWS) serve as de-facto national standards for rainfall intensity at specified frequencies and durations in the United States. This paper reports on progress in updating these estimates since the EWRI World Environmental and Water Resources Congress of 2006. It provides an overview of the new estimates and the methods used in their preparation as well as selected statistics. Since the 2006 Congress, NOAA has published revisions for NOAA Atlas 14 Volumes 1 through 3 covering the semiarid southwest U.S. and the Ohio River basin and surrounding states, and Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands.
The leading hydrologists around the world have been working hard to develop some kind of preventive measures to reduce the disastrous consequences of a flash flood in advance. For this purpose, a flash flood early-warning and forecasting system that can accurately and timely forecast an coming flash flood has being the research focus in this field, despite its difficulties and complexities. An ideal to specify those areas that are subject at high risk to flash flood in terms of precipitation intensity in a relatively large region is proposed in this paper. It is accomplished through the design of the High Risk Flash Flood Rainstorm Area (HRFFRA) with a certain return period for a given duration based on the application of the end-to-end Regional L-moments Approach to precipitation frequency analysis. A HRFFRA is defined as the area potentially under hitting by higher intense-precipitation for a given duration with certain return period that may cause a flash flood disaster in the area.
An example to develop the HRFFRA has been demonstrated in detail in this paper through the application of the Regional L-Moments Approach to precipitation frequency analysis in Jiangxi Province, South China Mainland. The high risk areas that will be hit by an forthcoming flash flood can be visually showed by the HRFFRA, with its help, hydrologists and governments can substantially reduce the disastrous outcome of a flash flood beforehand.
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