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The plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) has attracted more and more attention because of the energy crisis and environmental pollution, which is also the main shiftable load of the residential users' demand side management (DSM) system in the future smart grid (SG). In this paper, we employ game theory to provide an autonomous energy management system among residential users considering selling energy back to the utility company by discharging the PEV's battery. By assuming all users are equipped with smart meters to execute automatic energy consumption scheduling (ECS) and the energy company can adopt adequate pricing tariffs relating to time and level of energy usage, we formulate an energy management game, where the players are the residential users and the strategies are their daily schedules of household appliance use. We will show that the Nash equilibrium of the formulated energy management game can guarantee the global optimization in terms of minimizing the energy costs, where the depreciation cost of PEV's battery because of discharging and selling energy back is also considered. Simulation results verify that the proposed game-theoretic approach can reduce the total energy cost and individual daily electricity payment. Moreover, since plug-in electric bicycles (PEBs) are currently widely used in China, simulation results of residential users owing household appliances and bidirectional energy trading of PEBs are also provided and discussed.Energies 2014, 7 7500

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Abstract:Aiming for large-scale renewable energy sources (RES) integrated to power systems with power electronic devices, the technology of virtual synchronous generator (VSG) has been developed and studied in recent years. It is necessary to analyze the damping characteristics of the power system with RES generation based on VSG and develop its corresponding damping controller to suppress the possible low frequency oscillation. Firstly, the mathematical model of VSG in a per unit (p.u) system is presented. Based on the single-machine infinite bus system integrated with an RES power plant, the influence of VSG on the damping characteristics of the power system is studied qualitatively by damping torque analysis. Furthermore, the small-signal model of the considered system is established and the damping ratio of the system is studied quantitatively by eigenvalue analysis, which concluded that adjusting the key control parameters has limited impacts on the damping ratio of the system. Consequently, referring to the configuration of traditional power system stabilizer (PSS), an auxiliary damping controller (ADC) for VSG is designed to suppress the low frequency oscillation of the power system. Finally, simulations were performed to verify the validity of theoretical analysis and the effectiveness of designed ADC.

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With the development of smart grids, a renewable energy generation system has been introduced into a smart house. The generation system usually supplies a storage system with the capability to store the produced energy for satisfying a user's future demand. In this paper, the main objective is to determine the best strategies of energy consumption and optimal storage capacities for residential users, which are both closely related to the energy cost of the users. Energy management with storage capacity optimization is studied by considering the cost of renewable energy generation, depreciation cost of storage and bidirectional energy trading. To minimize the cost to residential users, the non-cooperative game-theoretic method is employed to formulate the model that combines energy consumption and storage capacity optimization. The distributed algorithm is presented to understand the Nash equilibrium which can guarantee Pareto optimality in terms of minimizing the energy cost. Simulation results show that the proposed game approach can significantly benefit residential users. Furthermore, it also contributes to reducing the peak-to-average ratio (PAR) of overall energy demand.

One dimensional translational oscillation with a rotational actuator (TORA) system has been used as a benchmark for motivating the study of nonlinear control techniques. In this paper, a novel underactuated 2‐dimensional TORA (2DTORA), which has one actuated rotor and two unactuated translational carts, is presented. The analysis of controllability around the system's equilibriums yielded the controllable equilibriums and the constraint on physical parameters. To stabilize the system to its controllable equilibriums from any initial conditions, we propose a simple linear controller containing the rotor angle and angular velocity. The controller was derived from a proper Lyapunov function, including the system's total energy, that was used to show the passivity property of the system. In addition, a high pass filter was adopted to approximately differentiate the rotor angle so that an estimated angular velocity was used in the controller rather than measuring the actual rotor angular velocity. As a result, only the angle measurement is required for the designed feedback controller to stabilize the underactuated system. Finally, simulation results verify our control design and analysis.