In this review, the recent advances of the application of 1,2,3,5-tetrakis(carbazol-9-yl)-4,6-dicyanobenzene (4CzIPN) as a photoredox catalyst in the past three years (2016–2018) for various organic reactions are summarized.

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Steric bulk controls CO(2) absorption: N-substituted amino acid salts in poly(ethylene glycol) reversibly absorb CO(2) in nearly 1:1 stoichiometry. Carbamic acid is thought to be the absorbed form of CO(2); this was supported by NMR and in situ IR spectroscopy, and DFT calculations. The captured CO(2) could be converted directly into oxazolidinones and thus CO(2) desorption could be sidestepped.

Carbon dioxide is commonly regarded as the primary greenhouse gas, but from a synthetic standpoint can be utilized as an alternative and sustainable C1 synthon in organic synthesis rather than a waste. This results in the production of organic carbonates, carboxylic acids, and derivatives. Recently, CO2 has emerged as an appealing tool for heterocycle synthesis under mild conditions without using stoichiometric amounts of organometallic reducing reagents. This Minireview summarizes recent advances on methodologies for CO2 incorporation into N-, O-, and C-nucleophiles to provide various heterocycles, including cyclic carbamates, benzoxazine-2-one, 4-hydroxyquinolin-2-one, quinazoline-2,4(1 H,3 H)-diones, benzimidazolones, α-alkylidene cyclic carbonate.

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CO 2 in the air can be efficiently captured with simultaneous activation by PEI ( polyethyleneimine) to form ammonium carbamate and/or carbonate species. Thus, the in situ hydrogenation of captured CO 2 into energy-storage materials rather than going through the desorption of conventional CCS (carbon capture and storage) runs better in comparison with equivalent gaseous CO 2 , thus validating this potential application of CCU (carbon capture and utilization) for supplying renewable energy. PEI 600 as an effective carbon absorbent in this study could also be assumed to serve as both ligand and base to promote the catalytic hydrogenation of captured CO 2 , consequently acting as a 'hinge base' to combine capture and hydrogenation processes. The pathway was studied by NMR and in situ FT-IR spectroscopy under CO 2 pressure. This protocol could open up great potential in transforming the captured CO 2 from waste to fuel-related products. † Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: General experimental methods, experimental procedures and results, characterization for absorption and hydrogenation systems, and copies of NMR, in situ FTIR, GC-MS spectra.