Electrical and magnetic brain waves of seven subjects under three experimental conditions were recorded for the purpose of recognizing which one of seven words was processed. The analysis consisted of averaging over trials to create prototypes and test samples, to both of which Fourier transforms were applied, followed by filtering and an inverse transformation to the time domain. The filters used were optimal predictive filters, selected for each subject and condition. Recognition rates, based on a least-squares criterion, varied widely, but all but one of 24 were significantly different from chance. The two best were above 90%. These results show that brain waves carry substantial information about the word being processed under experimental conditions of conscious awareness.In the last two decades new methods of imaging brain activity [positron emission tomography, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and magnetoencephalography (MEG)] have augmented older methods such as electroencephalography (EEG) to dramatically increase our knowledge, especially about where in the brain different kinds of activity occur (1-5). Increased knowledge of temporal sequence of location of activity, as in orally naming a visual object, also has been substantial (6). On the other hand, aside from some success in simple mental state classification (7,8) and EEG-based human computer communications (9, 10), the detailed analyses of how or what information is processed by the brain, at almost all levels, are still mostly lacking (11). Early attempts to classify averaged EEG waveforms associated with speech production date back to 1967 (12). However, it was later discovered (13) that scalp-recorded potentials preceding and accompanying speech primarily represent volume-conducted activity from musculature involved in speech production. In the current study, we were careful to rule out contributions from muscle movement in the auditory comprehension and internal speech conditions.The research reported here is meant to be a definitely positive, even if limited, step toward giving such an analysis of brain-wave activity as imaged by EEG and MEG. The brief description of our approach is simple. We analyze brain waves to recognize the word being processed. The general methodological approach is similar to speech recognition, but almost all the details are different. In terms of performance, we are at a level comparable to that of speech recognition in its early days (14, 15). METHODSFor subjects S1-S5, EEG and MEG recordings were performed simultaneously in a magnetically shielded room in the Magnetic Source Imaging Laboratory (Biomagnetic Technology, San Diego) housed in Scripps Institute of Research.Sixteen EEG sensors were used. Specifically, the sensors, referenced to the average of the left and the right mastoids, were attached to the scalp of a subject (F7, T3, T5, FP1, F3, C3, P3, Fz, Cz, FP2, F4, C4, P4, F8, T4, and T6); sensors FP1, Fz, and FP2 were not used with S1 and S2. Two electrooculogram sensors, referenced to each ...
SOCS5 is a member of the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) protein family with important yet incompletely understood biological functions in cancer. In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), controversial tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressive roles of SOCS5 have been reported. Our study aims to unravel novel functions of SOCS5 in HCC, especially that affecting metastasis. We examined the expression levels of SOCS5 in HCC using publicly available datasets, and in our patient cohort, using quantitative real-time PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. The association of SOCS5 expression with clinical pathological data of HCC patients was examined and that with the mTOR pathway was predicted. We further studied the effects of SOCS5 on PI3K/Akt/mTOR activity; HCC cell autophagy, migration, and invasion; and HCC cell metastasis in vitro and in vivo. We observed that SOCS5 was significantly overexpressed in HCC tissues, compared to adjacent non-tumor liver tissues, in both the public datasets and in our patient cohort. SOCS5 overexpression was significantly and inversely correlated with HCC patient prognosis. Moreover, SOCS5 overexpression promoted HCC cell migration and invasion in vitro by inactivating PI3K/Akt/mTOR-mediated autophagy. Conversely, SOCS5 inhibition suppressed HCC cell migration and invasion in vitro by activating PI3K/Akt/mTOR-mediated autophagy. Dual inhibition of SOCS5 and mTOR further enhanced autophagy and the subsequent anti-metastatic effects on HCC cells. In vivo, stable knockdown of SOCS5 reduced HCC cell metastasis. Overall, our study revealed a novel metastasis-promoting function of SOCS5 in HCC, acting via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR-mediated autophagy pathway. Combined inhibition of SOCS5 and mTOR may be a potential therapeutic approach to inhibit HCC metastasis and prolong patient survival.
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