Pneumococcal-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (pHUS) is a rare but severe complication of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. We report the case of a 12-year-old female with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome treated with adrenocorticotrophic hormone (H.P. Acthar® Gel), who developed pneumococcal pneumonia and subsequent pHUS. While nephrotic syndrome is a well-known risk factor for invasive pneumococcal disease, this is the first reported case of pHUS in an adolescent patient with nephrotic syndrome, and reveals novel challenges in the diagnosis, treatment and potential prevention of this complication.

Objectives: To determine the antipyretic efficacy of acetaminophen (IV, enteral, rectal) and ibuprofen (enteral) in critically ill febrile pediatric patients. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: Quaternary care pediatric hospital ICUs. Patients: Pediatric patients less than 19 years old who were febrile (≥ 38.0°C), received a dose of IV acetaminophen, enteral acetaminophen, rectal acetaminophen, or enteral ibuprofen and had at least one temperature measurement in the following 6 hours. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: A total of 3,341 patients (55.8% male, median age 2.5 yr [interquartile range, 0.63–9.2 yr]) met study criteria. Baseline temperature was median 38.6°C (interquartile range, 38.3–38.9°C) measured via axillary (76.9%) route. Patients became afebrile (87.5%) at median 1.4 hours (interquartile range, 0.77–2.3 hr) after the first dose of medication, a –2.9 ± 1.6% change in temperature. Antipyretic medications included as follows: enteral acetaminophen (n = 1,664), IV acetaminophen (n = 682), rectal acetaminophen (n = 637), and enteral ibuprofen (n = 358). Enteral ibuprofen had a significantly greater odds of defervescence on multivariable logistic regression analysis (p = 0.04) with a decrease of –1.97 ± 0.89°C while IV acetaminophen was significant for a decreased time to defervescence at median 1.5 hours (interquartile range 0.8–2.3 hr) after a dose (p = 0.03). Patient age, presence of obesity, and baseline temperature were significant for decreased antipyretic efficacy (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Enteral ibuprofen was the most efficacious antipyretic and IV acetaminophen had the shortest time to defervescence.

Background Management of pediatric drowning often includes evaluation and treatment of infectious disease. There are few data describing the infections associated with pediatric drowning. Methods A descriptive retrospective study was designed, and patients aged &lt; 19 years admitted for &gt; 24 hours to our institution after a drowning were included from January 2011 through June 30, 2017. Data collection included patient demographics, submersion injury details, resuscitation details, patient admission details, chest radiograph on admission, use of intubation and mechanical ventilation, hospital length of stay, culture data, antimicrobial use, and mortality. Descriptive statistical methods (mean and standard deviation, median and range, percentage) were used to characterize the patient population, and Fisher exact test was used to evaluate the association between antimicrobial use in the first 72 hours of admission and mortality. Results A total of 114 patients met study criteria (male, 59.7%; median age, 3.7 years [range, 0.15–17.79 years]). Median hospital length of stay was 2 days (range, 1–60 days). Intensive care unit admission occurred in 80.7%, intubation occurred in 46.5%, and mortality was 18.4%. The most common submersion location was a pool (76.3% [n = 87]) with water primarily characterized as freshwater (82.5% [n = 94]). Reported submersion time for the majority of patients was &lt; 5 minutes (54.4%) with cardiopulmonary resuscitation in 78.1%. In the first 72 hours after admission, culture were obtained in 40 patients (35.1%), and 27.5% of these cultures were positive. The primary organisms identified were consistent oropharyngeal flora. Antimicrobials were initiated in 50% of the patient population with clindamycin as most common. There was not a significant association between antimicrobial use in the first 72 hours after admission and mortality (17.2% vs 19.6%, P = .81). Conclusions Infectious disease associated with pediatric drowning in pools is uncommon. Empiric use of antimicrobials does not appear to affect outcomes.

Tomato leafminer (Tuta absoluta) is an economically and physiologically important oligophagous pest (a pest which feeds on plants of a particular group) of solanaceous crops, particularly tomato. The lifecycle of tomato leafminers possesses complete metamorphosis, which means that all four phases are present in its lifetime. The larval stage, which feeds by mining the mesophyll of tomato leaves and fruits, is the most destructive of the four phases. The insect population is rapidly increasing, obliterating and consuming crop fields all over the world. Their expansion has reduced the quantity of high-quality tomato produce, resulting in an economic loss. To counteract this trend, the pest population must be controlled before it reaches crisis proportions. Several studies and experiments have been undertaken, and several management approaches have been applied to control T. absoluta, but they have gradually proved ineffectual due to their feeding and damage behaviour, reproductive potential, and resistance development to applied treatments. They have been subjected to a variety of chemical control approaches. But slowly, they became immune to the majority of contact insecticides and pesticides used against them. As a result, the emerging strategy for now is the integration of all management methods, including physical, biological, biochemical, cultural, genetic, and Integrated Pest Management (IPM), in order to discourage the development of resistance in them and obliterate their populations both inside greenhouses and open fields, which could be possible with the government’s and concerned authorities’ ongoing support.

Introduction: Epistaxis is a common otolaryngological emergency condition. It occurs due to local and systemic cause. Local cause lies within the nose bleeding either anterior or posterior. Commonest site of bleeding anterior epistaxis is kiesselbach’s plexus. In posterior epistaxis, it is difficult to locate bleeding site. Epistaxis is controlled by simply pinching of nose, decongested nasal drop and abgel packing. Some cases become more challenging required nasal packing and arterial ligation. Objectives: To study the epidemiological pattern and management of epistaxis. Methods: This was a retrospective study on pattern of epistaxis man­aged at Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital over a period from April 2015 to April 2016. Information regarding demographic profile, presentation and management of epistaxis was obtained from the Hospital records, ENT Outpatient clinic, Emergency Department, ENT ward and operation theatre. Results: A total of 78 cases were managed during study period. There was a significant male preponderance with male to female ratio 1.78:1. Patients’ age varied from eight to 80 years with mean age 40.7 years. The peak age of incidence was 21 - 30 years group. Idiopathic nasal bleeding 27 (34.6%) was commonest followed by nasal trauma 23 (29.5%) cases and hypertension 16 (20.5%) cases. Seventeen (21.8%) cases managed in day care basis with decongested nasal drop, chemi­cal cautery and abgel packing. Remaining cases required nasal packing and bipolar cautery and other specific form of treatment. Five (6.4%) cases required sphenopalatine artery ligation with no recurrence of bleeding. Conclusions: Epistaxis is common ENT emergency. Most common causes are idiopathic followed by nasal trauma and hypertension. Prompt management is instituted according to cases. Most of the cas­es are managed by non-surgical method.

Nepal, a country whose most of the economy is dependent on agriculture yearns to be self-sufficient but due to an unaware as well as ignorant population and poor infrastructure, the productivity is still unsatisfactory. As a result of which, haphazard use of pesticides was exercised. To resolve this problem, IPM tactics were introduced that includes a combination of biological, physical, chemical, cultural, and all kind of strategies to minimize pest risk and improve the yield sustainably. IPM components must be institutionalized in appropriate educational, research, extension, and farmer groups, as IPM has been proposed as an option for reducing pesticides overuse and misuse. The dissemination of these tactics to all levels of farmers is still underway in Nepal. However, the impacts seen are considerable. According to various research, the implementation of IPM tactics and approaches has drastically (more than 50%) reduced pesticide uses and increased yield by more than 10% in a very short period. Its complete execution is yet to be obtained which will revolutionize the agricultural practices and economic pattern of import and export.