Background:Cutaneous tuberculosis (TB) is essentially an invasion of the skin by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the same bacteria that causes pulmonary tuberculosis.Aim:This study was conducted to study the common types of cutaneous TB and to find the management pattern in a tertiary teaching hospital in Pokhara, Nepal.Materials and Methods:All the cases of cutaneous TB were biopsied and furthermore investigated by performing Mantoux test, sputum examination, fine needle aspiration cytology, chest X-ray and ELISA.Results:In this study, we found that tuberculosis verrucous cutis (48%) had a higher incidence than other types of cutaneous TB. More males were affected than were females (1.2:1). Commonly affected sites were the limb and the buttock (48%). The most commonly affected age group was 16–25 years (40%). All cases (except two) were more than 15 mm in size in the Mantoux test. The histopathological picture was typical in all except three cases. All patients were treated with antitubercular treatment as per the national guidelines.Conclusion:The most common type of cutaneous TB was tuberculosis verrucous cutis and the most commonly affected sites were the limb and the buttock. As cutaneous TB sometimes reflects the presence of pulmonary tuberculosis, its incidence should not be ignored.

PV is not an uncommon disease among children in the tropics. There is a sudden resurgence of cases in the hot monsoons and even infants are not spared.

Background The COVID pandemic has affected the human race both physically and mentally. Mask use remains the standard way of preventing the spread of this virus. The continuous mask use has led to the emergence of various dermatoses like acne, pigmentation, and seborrhea in mask contact areas. The present survey has been undertaken to describe the various dermatoses encountered in the medical fraternity especially doctors, who are frequently exposed to prolonged mask use. Aims To estimate the frequency of various cutaneous manifestations seen among doctors following mask use via web‐based online questionnaire survey. Methods It was a cross‐sectional web‐based study conducted at a tertiary care teaching institute from June 2021 to August 2021. All the doctors of the hospital completing the questionnaire were included in the study with informed consent. Results A total of 178 participants completed the survey. The most common complaint was increased sweating (55.6%) followed by acne (34.3%) and oily skin (34.3%). Significant association was found between skin changes and duration (>6 h/day) of mask use, increasing number, and type of mask (N 95) used (p value <0.05). Conclusion The knowledge of various mask‐induced/aggravated dermatoses will help formulate proper precautionary protocols enhancing efficient mask usage for prolonged periods.

Background The COVID‐19 pandemic continues to persist throughout the world with intermittent exacerbation. The changing trend of hand hygiene practices during this pandemic has led to new onset or aggravation of pre‐existing hand eczema, especially among doctors. There is a paucity of studies regarding skin changes seen with changing hand hygiene practices in the Indian subcontinent. Objectives To estimate the frequency of various cutaneous manifestations and associated factors with hand hygiene practices in doctors during COVID‐19 via a web‐based online questionnaire survey. Methods It was a cross‐sectional web‐based survey conducted at a tertiary care teaching institute from July 2021 to September 2021. Those doctors (faculty, residents, and interns) of the hospital completing the questionnaire with electronic informed consent were included in the study. Results A total of 143 doctors completed the survey. The most common symptoms were dryness in 60 (42%) and itching in 25 (17.5%) doctors. The most common skin changes were scaling in 30 (21%) and redness in 16 (11.2%) doctors. There was a significant association between skin changes and frequency of hand washing and hand sanitizer use ( p value < 0.05). Conclusion The prevalence of hand changes and symptoms was 77% in doctors in our study. The most commonly seen hand changes were scaling followed by redness and symptoms observed were dryness and itching.

Background: Clonidine is a centrally acting antihypertensive known to cause dermatological adverse reactions. Urticaria is rarely reported. Case details: Oral clonidine was given to control supine hypertension in a patient receiving fludrocortisone for postural hypotension associated with therapy for Parkinson's disease. After one week, she developed erythematous, blanching, itchy papules and plaques, initially in the extremities and later becoming generalised, together with perioral oedema. Clonidine was ceased and the condition resolved as previous drug therapy was reintroduced. This reaction was considered to be of moderate severity, probably induced by clonidine, and not preventable.

Introduction: Melasma is an acquired hypermelanosis of sun-exposed areas. Melasma is much more common in women than in men. Women are affected in 90% of cases. The patient usually presents with tan to brown patches. Multiple factors have been postulated to involve in the etiology and pathogenesis of melasma including pregnancy, oral contraceptives, genetics, sun exposure, cosmetics and race.Objectives: The objectives of the present studies are to study the demographic details of the melasma patients visiting the Manipal Teaching Hospital (MTH), to study the drugs used in management of melasma and to estimate the treatment cost to the patients.Materials and methods: We went through the records of the patient at MTH and found out the number of patients suffering from melasma and other related data from 25th November 2005 to 30th November 2007. The data obtained were analyzed as per the study objectives.Results: Altogether 107 patient files were included in the study. There were 75 (70.09%) females and 32 (29.90%) males (the total is 107). More than 50% of the patients were above the age 20 years. Most common site of occurrence of pigmentation was forehead accounting for 56.45% (n= 70) of the total case followed by cheeks 12.09% (n=15). Altogether 290 drugs were used in the patients with a Mean  SD of 2.71  0.89 drugs per patient. The Mean  SD cost of medications was NRs 458  251.36. Conclusion:The present study analyzed the clinical profile and treatment pattern of the melasma patients visiting MTH. Majority of the patients were of child bearing age. Sun screens were the most commonly employed medications followed by antioxidants 20 (6.89%) and antibiotics 18 (6.2%).

Introduction: Hemiplegia due to cerebral stroke is associated with various dermatological co-morbidities, arising out of motor, sensory and autonomic dysfunctions. Aim: To find out the different dermatological conditions prevalent in patients of hemiplegia secondary to cerebral stroke. Materials and Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Neurology in collaboration with the Department of Dermatology at Hi-Tech Medical College and Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha from July 2017 to June 2020. Patients with hemiplegia of more than one month duration were included. The skin findings present before the neurological insult and patients with systemic conditions like atopic dermatitis, diabetes mellitus and thyroid disorders causing skin changes were excluded. Relevant tests for diagnostic confirmation of the skin lesions were done wherever needed. The software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0 was used for the statistical analysis. Results: Study included 411 patients of cerebral stroke. A total of 382 (92.9%) patients were found to have dermatological manifestation. The male:female ratio in the study population was 2.6:1. A total of 549 and 128 skin conditions were diagnosed in the paralysed and non paralysed limbs, respectively. The common dermatological conditions diagnosed in the affected limbs were, xerosis {371 (97.12%)}, tinea corporis/cruris {61 (15.97%)}, onychomycosis {31 (8.12%)}, tinea pedis {28 (7.33%)} and nail dystrophy abnormalities {27 (7.07%)} patients. Conclusion: Knowledge of various dermatological conditions associated with hemiplegia helps in early intervention and better management during rehabilitation phase of patients with hemiplegia.

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Urethritis or inflammation of the urethra is a multifactorial condition. Urethritis is called gonococcal urethritis (GU) when Neisseria gonorrhoeae is detected in urethral smear of the patient and nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) when this organism cannot be visualized.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> Urethritis cases were identified from the dermatology OPD record. A retrospective analysis of data of patients diagnosed as GU and NGU for a period of 5 years (from August 2012-July 2017) was made. We have included only male patients more than 10 year.<strong></strong></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Neisseria gonorrhoeae (61.42%) and Chlamydia trachomatis (45.9%) were the most common causative organism among urethritis and nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) respectively. Chlamydia urethritis had been confirmed by demonstrating ≥5 polymorphonuclear lymphocytes (PMNLs) from the anterior urethra using a Gram stained urethral smear. Acute condition (7-14 days) more common in GU. Dysuria and purulent urethral discharge (68.6%) was more common in GU. In urine specimen pus cells count were more than 10. The most common age group was 21-30 year (42.86%). Most patients were from low socio-economic status (62.85%). Sexual exposure was more common in unmarried patients (94.74%). Heterosexual exposure (93.75%) was more common. Urethritis was also associated with other infection in 18 patients.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Urethritis is inflammation of urethra which is manifested by dysuria with or without urethral discharge. Though there is increased incidence of Chlamydia infections, still now Gonococcal infection is the most common cause of urethritis.</p><p class="abstract"> </p>