Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) can effectively solve the intermittent renewable energy issues and gradually become the most attractive candidate for large-scale stationary energy storage. However, their low energy density and high cost still bring challenges to the widespread use of VRFBs. For this reason, performance improvement and cost reduction of VRFBs are the keys to their commercialization and large-scale energy storage applications. On the basis of this, this perspective briefly describes the development status of renewable energy and energy storage technology and summarizes the existing bottlenecks that affect the development of VRFBs. Meanwhile, the critical technologies of VRFBs are reviewed, and the research progress in recent years and the challenges that need to be overcome are introduced. This perspective focuses on four aspects, including core component material, system modeling, optimization operations, and future business challenges. Then, a comprehensive analysis of critical issues and solutions for VRFB development are discussed, which can effectively guide battery performance optimization and innovation. The views in this perspective are expected to provide effective and extensive understanding of the current research and future development of vanadium redox flow batteries.
At present, the integration of green building, the intelligent building industry and high-quality development are facing a series of new opportunities and challenges. This review aims to analyze the digital development of smart green buildings to make it easier to create contiguous ecological development areas in green ecological cities. It sorts out the main contents of Intelligent Green Buildings (IGB) and summarizes the application and role of Digital Twins (DTs) in intelligent buildings. Firstly, the basic connotations and development direction of IGB are deeply discussed, and the current realization and applications of IGB are analyzed. Then, the advantages of DTs are further investigated in the context of IGB for DT smart cities. Finally, the development trends and challenges of IGB are analyzed. After a review and research, it is found that the realization and application of IGB have been implemented, but the application of DTs remains not quite integrated into the design of IGB. Therefore, a forward-looking design is required when designing the IGBs, such as prioritizing sustainable development, people’s livelihoods and green structures. At the same time, an IGB can only show its significance after the basic process of building the application layer is performed correctly. Therefore, this review contributes to the proper integration of IGB and urban development strategies, which are crucial to encouraging the long-term development of cities, thus providing a theoretical basis and practical experience for promoting the development of smart cities.
Scheduled for an Earth-to-Mars launch opportunity in 2020, the China's Mars probe will arrive on Mars in 2021 with the primary objective of injecting an orbiter and placing a lander and a rover on the surface of the Red Planet. For China's 2020 Mars exploration mission to achieve success, many key technologies must be realized. In this paper, China's 2020 Mars mission and the spacecraft architecture are first introduced. Then, the preliminary launch opportunity, Earth-Mars transfer, Mars capture, and mission orbits are described. Finally, the main navigation schemes are summarized.
KEYWORDS
China'sMars exploration mission orbiting, landing, and roaming orbit design navigation schemeReview Article
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