The aim of this research is to investigate the potential neuro-protective effect of kaempferol which with anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune modulatory properties, and understand the effect of kaempferol on reducing cerebral ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury in vivo. Male adult Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were pretreated with kaempferol for one week via gavage before cerebral I/R injury operation. We found that kaempferol treatment can reduce the cerebral infarct volume and neurological score after cerebral I/R. Rats were sacrificed after 24 h reperfusion. We observed that kaempferol improved the arrangement, distribution, and morphological structure of neurons, as well as attenuated cell apoptosis in brain tissue via hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, Nissl staining and TUNEL staining. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH) kit analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assay, real-time PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemical examination indicated that kaempferol mitigated oxidative and inflammatory stress via regulating the expression of proteins, p-Akt, p-GSK-3b, nuclear factor erythroid2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2), and p-NF-kB during cerebral I/R, thus increasing the activity of SOD and GSH, meanwhile decreasing the content of MDA in serum and brain tissue, as well as restoring the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), interleukin-1b (IL-1b), and IL-6 in vivo. Taken together, this study suggested that kaempferol protects against cerebral I/R induced brain damage. The possible mechanism is related with inhibiting oxidative and inflammatory stress induced apoptosis.

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We study the inverse problem of determining two spatially varying coefficients in a thermoelastic model with the following observation data: displacement in a subdomain ω satisfying ∂ω ⊃ ∂ along a sufficiently large time interval, both displacement and temperature at a suitable time over the whole spatial domain.Based on a Carleman estimate on the hyperbolic-parabolic system, we prove the Lipschitz stability and the uniqueness for this inverse problem under some a priori information.

We study an inverse problem of determining a spatially varying source term in a thermoelastic medium with a memory effect. The coupling phenomena between elasticity and heat as well as the memory effect make such an inverse problem very complicated. We firstly prove a pointwise Carleman estimate for a general strongly coupled hyperbolic system, and then obtain a Carleman estimate for the hyperbolic thermoelastic system. Based on this estimate, we finally establish a Hölder stability for the inverse source problem only by making a displacement measurement on a given subdomain for sufficiently large times, provided the source be known near the boundary. The uniqueness for such an inverse problem is yielded as a direct result.