Gas production from each perforation cluster has an obvious difference along with the horizontal wellbore in shale gas reservoirs. Some special perforation clusters evenly do not produce any gas, which means that those perforation clusters are not fractured. In shale gas reservoirs, only when the shale gas section was fractured with equal volumes of fracturing fluids, gas can be produced evenly. In this study, a stress theory around the perforation tunnel considering the stress around the wellbore and an induced stress by leaking of the fluid and the tunnel is presented. The results show that (1) fractures will quickly be created at two of the three perforation clusters and then the fracture of the cluster initiates. (2) The rate through each cluster is different, and the fracture volume created will have a big difference. (3) The fracture distribution between three perforation clusters are different, thus shale gas production also will be different. The theory and the method presented in this paper, can be used for different reservoirs besides shale gas reservoirs, thus it can be applied and referred widely.
Mud acid is regularly applied to recover or increase permeability of sandstone reservoir. However, due to its rapid reacting rate and heterogeneous displacement, the stimulation effect of conventional mud acid is relatively limited in sandstone formations. For mud acid, it is important to choose proper chemical additives to retard reaction rate and make it distributed homogenereously in formation. To overcome these shortcomings of mud acid, a new proprietary mud acid system has been developed for sandstone formations stimulation. The new system is composed of 2.0% multichemical solutions (MCS) +6.5%HCl+1.5% HF, and the combined solution contains nonionic surfactant, clay stabilizer, and dispersant which were specifically formulated. Core flooding experiments were conducted with the high effective mud acid; meanwhile, XRD and SEM analysis were performed before/after the core flooding tests. Retarded tests were also conducted for the new mud acid reacting with sandstone samples. Treatments with ten pores volume of the new high effective mud acid system were found to increase permeability of sandstone core approximately three times of its initial permeability. From the results of SEM and XRD analysis, most of clays were dissolved, and permeability was increased after core flooding by this new mud acid solution. On the basis of acidizing theory, the reaction retarded mechanism was explained about the new composite mud acid. Other properties of the new composite mud acid were also discussed. In comparison of conventional mud acid, the new composite mud acid can retard acidizing reaction rate and distribute evenly in formation; therefore, it can extend acidizing penetration and stimulate sandstone formation thoroughly. The new composite mud acid is more compatible and desirable than conventional mud acid, and it will be applied extensively for sandstone matrix stimulation.
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