Objective: To highlight changing trend of clinical spectrum, comparing management options and predictors of outcome of emphysematous pyelonephritis. Material and methods:This study included patients who were diagnosed as emphysematous pyelonephritis between August, 2001 to July, 2015. We excluded other possible causes of gas in renal system. Baseline patient characteristics, clinical spectrum, serum and urinary biochemical parameters, radiological findings, management and outcomes were recorded. Patients were classified as "responders" and "non-responders". Results:We studied a total of 74 patients and categorised them as responders (62 patients) and nonresponders (12 patients). Women outnumbered men constituting 62.16% of the study population (M: F; 1: 1.6). Fever was the most common presenting symptom followed by flank pain. Diabetes mellitus (85.14%) was the most common comorbidity followed by urolithiasis (32.43%). Escherichia coli was the commonest organism grown in urine culture (79.73%). Non-responders had distinct laboratory findings relative to responders as low hemoglobin (7.8±2.1/11.2±3.2 g/dL; p= 0.0007), thrombocytopenia (91.67% vs. 11.29%; p= 0.0001), proteinuria >3 g/L (50% vs. 6.45%; p= 0.0008) and positive blood culture (100% vs. 67.74%; p= 0.0288). Conclusion:Advanced age, higher body mass index, renal impairment, thrombocytopenia, altered sensorium, shock at presentation can be used as scores for poor prognosis. Emphysematous pyelonephritis management requires multidisciplinary collaboration including hydration and electrolyte management, broad spectrum antibiotics, strict glycaemic control, effective urinary drainage and lastly it may require emergency nephrectomy as a salvage procedure.
PurposeThis study was performed to characterise the nature, clinical presentation, mode of insertion, and management of intravesical foreign bodies in patients treated at our hospital.MethodsBetween January 2008 and December 2014, 49 patients were treated for intravesical foreign bodies at King George Medical University, Lucknow. All records of these patients were retrospectively analysed to characterise the nature of the foreign body, each patient’s clinical presentation, the mode of insertion, and how the case was managed.ResultsA total of 49 foreign bodies were retrieved from patients’ urinary bladders during the study period. The patients ranged in age from 11 to 68 years. Thirty-three patients presented with complaints of haematuria (67.3%), 29 complained of frequency of urination and dysuria (59.1%), and 5 patients reported pelvic pain (10.2%). The circumstances of insertion were iatrogenic in 20 cases (40.8%), self-insertion in 17 cases (34.6%), sexual abuse in 4 cases (8.1%), migration from another organ in 4 cases (8.1%), and assault in 4 cases (8.1%). Of the foreign bodies, 33 (67.3%) were retrieved by cystoscopy, while transurethral cystolitholapaxy was required in 10 patients (20.4%), percutaneous suprapubic cystolitholapaxy was performed in 4 patients (8.1%), and holmium laser lithotripsy was performed in 2 patients (4.08%).ConclusionsForeign bodies should always be included in the differential diagnosis when evaluating a patient who presents with chronic lower urinary tract symptoms. A large percentage of foreign bodies can be retrieved using endoscopic techniques. Open surgical removal may be performed in cases where endoscopic techniques are unsuitable or have failed.
Objective: Giant hydronephrosis (GH) is a rare entity in both developed and developing countries with less than 500 cases reported in the literature. Delayed diagnosis and management of GH, can result in long-term complications like hypertension, rupture of the kidney, renal failure and malignant change. We aim to highlight the importance of this often neglected entity and build a consensus for its early diagnosis and management. Material and methods:Patients with GH were thoroughly worked up, managed and followed up between June 2013 and December 2015 and epidemiologic, radiological, perioperative and follow-up data was recorded.Results: A total of 35 patients (adults and children) were reported. Flank pain in adults and abdominal lump in children were the most common clinical presentation. Percutaneous nephrostomy tube was placed in all patients and detailed work up was done to reach final diagnosis. Pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction (PUJO) was the final diagnosis in 32 patients (91.4%). Kidneys were non-functioning in 13 cases (37.1%) so nephrectomies were performed. Reduction pyeloplasty with nephropexy was done in 21 patients (60%) with 81% success and 23.1% complication rates. Conclusion:GH requires early diagnosis and management to prevent higher nephrectomy rate along with poor success rate of conservative surgery like pyeloplasty.
Introduction:Clavien–Dindo classification system is used for grading complications of various oncological, renal, and endourological procedures. We applied this system for grading the severity of perioperative complications in patients undergoing transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) and identify parameters predicting these complications.Materials and Methods:Data of 984 patients who underwent TURBT from 2006 to 2014 were included in this study. All data was retrospectively collected and analyzed for complications occurring within the first postoperative month. All complications were classified according to the five grades of modified CCS (.Clavien classification system).Results:A total of 172 complications were observed in 138 patients. Majority were low grade complications (Grade 1 [77.3%] and Grade 2 [12.7%]). Higher grade complications were rare (Grade 3 [6.4%] and Grade 4 [3.0%]). There was one death (Grade 5 0.6%), with an overall mortality rate of 0.1%. The incidence of complications was significantly greater for age >60 years, baseline serum creatinine >1.4 mg/dl, size of tumor >4 cm, tumor located at dome, resection time >60 min, incomplete resection and if surgery performed by a resident urologist.Conclusions:Clavien–Dindo classification system can be easily applied to grade the complications of TURBT, and it is easily reproducible. We observed that TURBT was a safe procedure. Majority of complications were Grade 1–2 (90%) and Grade 3–5 were rare (10%). Postoperative bleeding is the most common complication. A greater rate of complications of TURBT was associated with patient age, size of tumor, location of tumor, surgeon experience, resection time, and completion of tumor resection.
ObjectiveTo compare the effectiveness and safety of two minimally invasive methods (transrectal aspiration vs transurethral resection (TUR)/deroofing) of treating prostatic abscess.Patients and methodsA retrospective study was conducted, from 2007 to 2016, of patients with prostatic abscesses not responding to antibiotics and/or with large (>2 cm) or multiple abscesses. Patients were divided into two groups depending on treatment received: Group A, transrectal aspiration; and Group B, TUR/deroofing of abscess.ResultsThe most common clinical presentation was dysuria (81.8%), followed by urinary frequency (68.2%), and fever (36.4%). Acute urinary retention occurred in seven patients. The most common infective organism in both groups was Escherichia coli (43.9%). The mean (SD, range) prostate volume was 36 (6.4, 17–68) mL and 37 (7.3, 21–72) mL in Groups A and B, respectively. The mean (SD, range) volume of the abscess was 51.24 (12.6, 21–215) mL and 48.34 (15.4, 15–240) mL in Groups A and B, respectively. Overall, 37 (84.1%) patients responded to treatment (68.4% in Group A and 96.0% in Group B, P < 0.23) after the first treatment session. Six patients in Group A and one patient in Group B had recurrence of abscess (P < 0.03). Of the six patients in Group A with recurrence, four patients had complete resolution after repeat aspiration (average 1–3 times). The mean (SD) follow-up duration was 17.25 (6.3) months.ConclusionTUR of prostatic abscess is more effective (96%) than transrectal aspiration with a lesser hospital stay. However, transrectal aspiration was successful in 89% of cases, is less invasive and can be performed under local anaesthesia and or sedation.
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