IntroductionThe summer fruit tortrix moth, Adoxophyes orana (Fischer von Röslerstamm, 1834) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is a polyphagous pest of pome and stone fruits in most of Europe and Asia. A. orana larvae have a strong preference for apples and pears in central and northern Europe (Barel, 1973;Charmillot and Brunner, 1990;Stamenkovic et al., 1999). However, they seem to change their preference to peaches and sweet cherries in southern Europe, where larval damage was more common in stone fruits (Savopoulou-Soultani et al., 1985).A. orana can be considered the most damaging leaf roller species in Europe due to its wide range of host plants and high abundance during the summer (Kocourek and Stara, 2005). Since its introduction, it has established itself as a serious pest of apples in England and peaches in Greece (Savopoulou-Soultani et al., 1985;Cross, 1996).The larvae may cause both direct and indirect damage by actively feeding on leaves, buds, flowers, shoots, and fruit. Indirect damage occurs when the larva feeds on young shoots and leaves that are stuck together. Leaf and shoot damage usually has no economic impact unless leaf roller populations reach high density and completely defoliate host trees (Dickler, 1991). In contrast, larval feeding directly on fruit, especially in June and July, may result in crop losses varying from 10% to 82% in apples, peaches, and pears (de Jong et al., 1971;Whittle 1985;Stamenkovic and Pesic, 1998). Economic damage can exceed $1,000,000, as reported in 33,000 ha of apples in the Netherlands in the late 1980s (de Jong et al., 1971;Whittle, 1985).Fruit damage usually occurs in the spots where leaves are attached to fruit with a silken web of larvae. Larvae can also cause cosmetic damage to apple, peach, and pear fruits. Damaged fruits show a "gnawed" or misshapen appearance due to malformed skin. External damage may also present an opportunity for pathogens to infect, which further damages internal quality and/or reduces the shelf life of fruits (de Jong and Van Dieren, 1974;Whittle, 1985).The summer fruit tortrix moth may produce 2-3 generations per year, depending on climatic factors, host plant availability, and presence of natural enemies
