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Background Analysis of the constituents of gallstones using various spectroscopic techniques assists in identification of the pathogenesis of gallstones. In the current study, using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) Spectroscopy, a Gallstone Standard Library (GSL) and a Gallstone Real Patients’ Library (GRPL) were developed and validated for gallstone composition analysis. Methods The study was conducted at the Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Pakistan. Pure standards (cholesterol, calcium carbonate, bilirubin and bile salts) and gallstone specimens were analyzed using FTIR Nicolet iS-5 Spectrometer from Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA. Thermo Scientific™ QCheck™ algorithm, embedded within the OMNIC™ software, was used to identify the unique spectral fingerprint of the patient samples to match with known, standard material. Matching of > 75% was considered acceptable. Validation for accuracy of the library was performed for twenty analyzed gallstones at an international reference lab. Results Concerted search analysis was performed against the developed GSL consisting of 71 “pure component” spectrum divided into 5 types to generate the library. For the Gallstone Real Patient Library (GRPL), 117 patient samples were analyzed. Ninety-eight gall stones (83.8%) out of 117 stones matched with the developed GSL. Majority stones were mixed stones (95.92%), with cholesterol being the primary component (91.83%). Results of the developed library were 100% in agreement with the reports received from the external reference lab. Conclusions The library developed displayed good consistency and can be used for detection of gallstone composition in Pakistan and replace the traditional labor- and time-intensive chemical method of gallstone analysis.

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According to Garnier, neither the sociohistorical grounding of postcolonial studies nor the more explicitly linguistic and cultural one of francophone studies helps direct a satisfactory critical reading of literature in African languages. The ambition of this essay is to show the potential for theoretical renewal African-language literature is likely to bring to these two disciplines.

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