Phototherapy, which generally refers to photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT), has received significant attention over the past few years since it is non-invasive, has effective selectivity, and has few side effects. As a result, it has become a promising alternative to traditional clinical treatments. At present, two-dimensional materials (2D materials) have proven to be at the forefront of the development of advanced nanomaterials due to their ultrathin structures and fascinating optical properties. As a result, much work has been put into developing phototherapy platforms based on 2D materials. This review summarizes the current developments in 2D materials beyond graphene for phototherapy, focusing on the novel approaches of PTT and PDT. New methods are being developed to go above and beyond conventional treatment to fully use the potential of 2D materials. Additionally, the efficacy of cutting-edge phototherapy is assessed, and the existing difficulties and future prospects of 2D materials for phototherapy are covered.
Low energy ultrasonic assisted aqueous phase exfoliation of rather defect free graphene (D/G = 0.19) in high yield (3.0 mg/ml) is achieved using benzimidazolium based surface active ionic liquid (SAIL)...
Background:
Supersaturable SMEDDS, a versatile dosage form, was investigated for improving the biopharmaceutical attributes and eradicating the food effect of poorly water soluble drug efavirenz.
Objective:
The present research pursues development of efavirenz loaded supersaturable self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SS SMEDDS) for improving biopharmaceutical performance.
Methods:
Preformulation studies were carried out to determine the optimized range of lipid excipients to develop stable supersaturated SMEDDS (ST SMEDDS). The SS SMEDD formulation was prepared by adding hydroxypropyl methylcellulose as a polymeric precipitation inhibitor. The developed SS SMEDDS were evaluated for supersaturation behavior by performing in vitro supersaturation studies and molecular simulations by in silico docking. Dissolution was performed in biorelevant media to simulate fed/fasted conditions in gastrointestinal regions. Absorption behavior was determined through in
vivo pharmacokinetics approach.
Results:
The optimized ST SMEDDS formulation containing Maisine® CC, Tween 80 and Transcutol-P exhibited thermodynamic stability with quick rate of emulsification. The optimized SS SMEDDS containing suitable polymeric precipitation
inhibitor exhibited enhanced efavirenz concentration in in vitro supersaturation test. The theoretical simulations by molecular docking revealed strong intermolecular interactions with a docking score of -3.004 KJ/mol. The dissolution performance
of marketed product in biorelevant dissolution media inferred the existence of food effect in the dissolution of efavirenz.
However, in SS SMEDDS, no significant differences in drug release behavior under different fasted/fed conditions signify
that the food effect was neutralized. In vivo pharmacokinetics revealed a significant increase in the absorption profile of
efavirenz from SS SMEDDS than that of ST SMEDDS and marketed product.
Conclusion:
The designed delivery system indicated promising results in developing an effectual EFV formulation for HIV
treatment.
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