SLE is one of the most common autoimmune disorders of women of childbearing age.It often manifests with various constitutional symptoms as well as combination of major organ involvement and outcome varies in different studies with current treatment. The present study is to see the patterns of organ involvement and outcomes at least after 6 months with standard treatment. This retrospective study was conducted in lupus clinic of two largest tertiary care hospitals in Dhaka city of Bangladesh over 2010 to 2019. It included 277 patients of SLE, diagnosed on the basis of ACR lupus diagnostic criteria and ACR lupus nephritis guideline and had received standard treatment. Outcomes were assessed by SLEDAI. The most common clinical manifestations were fever (71.8%), joint pain (71.4%), oral ulceration (54.8%), alopecia (36.4%), butterfly rash (28.5%), photosensitivity (32.1%) and Raynaud’s phenomenon (16.6%). Commonly involved major organ-systems were renal (41.5%), CNS (16.6%), pulmonary (7.2%), cardiac (3.2%) and hematological (12.2%). Renal biopsy was done in 91cases and the histology showed majority (37.3%) in class-IV. With standard treatment, a significant reduction of mean serum creatinine, proteinuria and SLEDAI was observed at least after 6 months. A total 35(12.63%) flares and 6 (2.17%) deaths occurred during the course of treatment. Renal and CNS are the most commonly involved major organ systems next to skin and joints. The overall outcome is favorable with standard treatment.
J MEDICINE JUL 2020; 21 (2) : 89-92
This paper reports some results of turbulent boundary layer computation. The calculation is made assuming that law of the wall is valid throughout the boundary layer. Simple relations are proposed for friction for a smooth pipe and a flat plate at zero incidence. The results are compared with recent measurements. Encouraging results are obtained for both the cases of flows.
This paper reports on an investigation of the influence of sink flow pressure gradient on the structure of a fluid's turbulent flow. Experimental data (Jones 1998) of sink flow cases corresponding to three different strengths are brought into the picture for investigation. An attempt has been made to predict the structure of turbulence from experimental evidence. The result shows that like zero-pressure gradient flow, two different similarities, one in the inner region and the other in the wake region, are preserved.
In this paper Spalding's formulation for the law of the wall with constants modified by Persen is used to describe the inner region (viscous sub-layer and certain portion of logarithmic layer) and a wake law due to Persen is used to describe the wake region (outer region). These two laws are examined in the light of measured data by Marušić and Perry for non-equilibrium adverse pressure gradient layers. It is observed that structure of turbulence for this flow is well-described by these two laws. From the known structure of turbulence eddy viscosity for the flow under consideration is calculated. Self similarity in eddy viscosity is observed in the wall region. Keywords. Non-equilibrium turbulent boundary layer; adverse pressure gradient; law of the wall; law of the wake.
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