Repeat breeders cause substantial loss in dairy herds mainly affecting the reproductive efficiency and economy of milk production in cattle and buffaloes. A study was conducted in cattle farms of various farmers of three districts of Central Region of Nepal; Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Lalitpur during March-August 2016. A total of 20 repeat breeder cows were selected for the trial. Repeat breeder cows were identified based on the history of at least three repeated breeding at an interval of around three weeks. We applied Ovsynch protocol where two reproductive hormones; Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) and Prostaglandin (PGF2α) were injected. Pregnancy was initially diagnosed by Biopryn Test kit using serum samples. Rectal examination confirmed pregnancy after 2 months of artificial insemination (AI). 16 cows expressed clear estrus signs during fixed time AI. 5 (83.3%) out of 6 cows with cystic ovary expressed estrus at the time of fixed time AI. 4 (66.7%) of these cows became pregnant.This is an open access article & it is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) herds with normal conception rates range between 65 and 70 percent for lactating cows in Nepal (Sankhi, 1993).
Poisoning is the greatest threat to vultures globally. Asia’s vultures were driven to near extinction through poisoning by the veterinary non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac. Since the ban on the veterinary use of diclofenac in Nepal in 2006, there has been a partial recovery of vulture populations in the country. However, other threats are emerging, including other vulture-toxic NSAIDs, as well as other forms of unintentional poisoning. The use of poison baits, whereby animal carcasses are laced with poison to target carnivores, often results in the collateral deaths of vultures. Here, we summarize the data on the number of such poisoning incidents, and the number of vultures killed, between 2011 and 2023. A total of 224 vultures of seven species were found dead at 22 poisoning incidents across the country. Himalayan griffons accounted for over half of the fatalities (n = 108), along with 93 White-rumped vultures and small numbers of four other species. We recommend that conservationists raise the awareness of this issue with local stakeholders, and try to devise mitigation measures to reduce the threat of poisoning to vulture population.
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