A number of studies have reported that nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) is strongly associated with premature mortality (Abdolahnejad et al., 2018;Crouse et al., 2015) and several adverse health effects such as respiratory-related ailments (Weinmayr et al., 2010;Zhu et al., 2019) and cardiovascular diseases (Liu et al., 2015). Despite the high precision of NO 2 point measurements at ground stations, they are limited in number, thus restricting the accurate examination of changes in surface NO 2 concentrations, especially in urban environments, where the spatial distribution of pollutants changes dramatically. As this problem lowers the
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