Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are leading cause of non communicable deaths in India. CVD risk prediction charts by World Health Organization/International Society of Hypertension (WHO/ISH) are designed for implementing timely preventive measures. The objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of CVD risk parameters and to estimate total CVD risk among adults aged ≥40 years, using the WHO/ISH risk charts alone and also to assess the effect of the inclusion of additional criteria on CVD risk.Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted in fifteen villages of Ludhiana district under rural health training centre of Department of Community Medicine, Dayanand Medical College & Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab. Desired information was obtained using WHO STEPS survey (STEP wise approach to surveillance) from 324 adults aged ≥40 years. Anthropometric, clinical and laboratory measurements were also performed. WHO/ISH risk prediction chart for South East Asian region (SEAR-D) was used to assess the cardiovascular risk among the subjects.Results: WHO/ISH risk prediction charts identified 16.0% of the subjects with high risk (≥20%) of developing a cardiovascular event. The study population showed higher prevalence of physical inactivity, obesity, abdominal obesity, hypertension and diabetes. Amongst high risk CVD group, maximum prevalence was of hypertension and high perceived stress level. However, the proportion of high CVD risk (≥20%) increased to 33.6% when subjects with blood pressure ≥160/100 mmHg and /or on hypertension medication were added as high risk.Conclusions: A substantial proportion of this community is at high risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.
Background: Stress has been seen to deteriorate normal physiological functions as well as the psychological functions of the brain. Medical students face a range of enduring normative stressors in the form of academic demands. This brings upon an amount of stress on the students which is related to the examinations and concerns with achieving high grades consequently referred to as academic-related stress. Thus, it becomes crucial to set upon a tool for measuring this stress in order to present methods for overcoming it. In the present study, one such method is evaluated by assessing the reaction time of first-year medical entrants. Material and Methods: The effect of stress on response time in 50 normal healthy medical students of Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur in the age group of 18 to 21 years was explored in the study. Visual Reaction Time was recorded through the computer program. Results: There was an increase in visual reaction time for the red color in both the sexes during stressful situations as compared to stress-free situations. While a decrease in Visual Reaction Time was seen for green color. A decreased auditory reaction time for both sexes was seen in stressful situations. Conclusion: The results revealed that stress within a limit facilitates positive feedback to Central Nervous System information processing consequently decreasing the reaction time.
Introduction:In India the vicious cycle between diarrhea and undernutrition has not yet been broken. Undernutrition predisposes to infection of gastro-intestinal system. Once the child suffers from undernutrition it is very difficult to come out of this vicious cycle. Objective: The study was done to study the social profile and risk factors of diarrheal diseases in under-five children. Methods: The study was carried out on hundred under five year old diarrhea cases in rural area of Saharanpur from September to December 2018. The social, cultural, economic and environmental factors were recorded along with physical measurements by house to house visits on pretested and suitably modified proforma. The analysis was done using MS Excel software and EPI Info. Results: Among them sixty one children were found to be suffering from undernutrition. The undernourished children had also suffered greater number of times from respiratory tract infections and diarrhea in the past one year. Overcrowding was observed in majority of the houses. Diarrhea was observed to be more in children of illiterate mothers and lower socio-economy groups. The process of giving oral rehydration therapy and home available fluids was found to be faulty in majority of households. Conclusion: Providing additional nutrition to undernourished children, proper use of oral rehydration therapy and home available fluids should be explained to mothers. The risk factors identified for diarrhea like bottle feeding, lack of hand washing and unhealthy food hygiene practices can be avoided by health education of the mothers in resource-poor health care setting.
Introduction:Household accidents cause injury to the affected individual along with stress and economic strain to the family. Studies on household accident prone areas in rural area of India are rare. Objective: The present study was conducted to assess the prevalence of domestic accidents and rural household accident prone areas. Methods: The study was done in the village Pilkhani, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh from October to December 2018. Sixty houses were randomly selected in the village. Information regarding household accident prone areas was gathered by interviewing the head of the family or the adult informant and accident prone areas were observed in the household. The analysis was done using MS Excel software. Results: Prevalence of domestic accidents was 8.25% with falls being the most common. Uneven brick/kacha floor, floor at different levels, improper electric fittings, fodder cutting machine and low clothes line were frequently found accident prone areas identified in the households. Conclusion: In order to prevent and control the domestic accidents, creation of awareness among the community and inculcation of household safety measures using Information Education and Communication interventions have to be strived for along with structural modification of accident prone areas in the household.
Introduction: Depression is the most common mental disorder. Women and the elderly have shown greater vulnerability to depression. Additional responsibilities due to modernization in rural areas have to lead to increased stress and tension among housewives. Limited data is available on depression among housewives in rural India especially Uttar Pradesh. So, the present study was planned to assess the prevalence of depression and its associated risk factors among housewives aged 18-59 years in the rural area of district Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh. Objective: To assess the prevalence and risk factors of depression among housewives in the rural area. Methods: The study was done in five villages of Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh from November 2018 to October 2019. A total of 500 housewives were selected by systematic random sampling. Interviews were conducted by the house to house visits. Depression was evaluated using the self-reported instrument Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). The analysis was done using MS Excel software and SPSS software version 22. Results: The prevalence of depression was found to be 18%. There was an increasing trend in the prevalence of depression in the middle age group. The increasing level of education, marriage, better socio-economy, economic independence and absence of co-morbid conditions had a lower prevalence of depression. None of the depressed subjects had taken professional help. Conclusion: Housewives should be educated about warning signs and symptoms of depression and motivated to seek professional help.
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