Exposure to the juice of Ecbalium elaterium, mainly in its undiluted form, may cause irritation of mucous membranes, supposedly of inflammatory nature. Patients exposed orally or intranasally should be closely followed for upper airway obstruction. Patients exposed ocularly should have their eyes promptly irrigated to prevent corneal and conjunctival injury.

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Background: Deliberate self-poisoning (DSP) is a major health problem with increasing incidence mainly among young people. Objective: To examine the clinical and toxicological characteristics of DSP, it is compared to unintentional (non-DSP) exposures and those characteristics which might be associated with increased toxicological risk are identified. Methods: Two-year retrospective poison centre chart review. Statistics: χ2 analysis. Results: 3802 DSP cases were reported. Most calls (95%) were made by physicians compared to 51%) in non-DSP exposures, P <0.0001. There were almost twice as many females as males, contrary to unintentional exposures (P <0.001). Peak frequency involvement was at the age of 15-20 years for females and older for males. Only 19.8%) of DSP calls were made within the first hour of exposure compared to 46%) of the non-DSP calls (P <0.001). Younger patients tended to present earlier. The vast majority of exposures occurred by ingestion and at home. Pharmaceuticals and chemicals were involved in 86% and 12% of DSP cases, respectively (compared to 29% and 44% in non-DSP exposures, respectively, P <0.001). Psychiatric drugs were more commonly used in older age groups and analgesics among the younger. Insecticides, sodium hypochlorite and rodenticides were the most frequently used chemicals. Neurological involvement was observed in 48.2% of DSP patients compared to 16.9% in non-DSP exposures. DSP was associated with greater severity than non-DSP exposures (21% and 10% had moderate to severe toxicity, respectively, P <0.001). Severity was greater among males, aged older than 45 years, with time from exposure to consultation 8 hours or longer and with exposure to chemicals, psychiatric drugs or combinations. Conclusions: Most DSP patients were females, aged 15-20 years, used pharmaceuticals and had neurological involvement. Males, aged over 45 years, with longer time to toxicology consult and the use of chemicals were associated with increased severity. These parameters should alert the treating physician to the possibility of a poor course and hence to a more aggressive therapeutic approach.

Exposure to illicitly synthesized cathinone is associated with serious cardiovascular and neurological toxicity, even in young subjects.