Healthcare costs have been leading cause of poverty for many Indians. One of the solutions to this is to advocate generic drugs which are cheaper in comparison to brand name drugs. The government of India had made it mandatory for physicians to use only generic names while prescribing. This study was conducted to analyze the perception of general public in Jaipur, Rajasthan towards generic drugs. A simple close ended questionnaire was administered to selected participants visiting a community pharmacy over a period of 3 months. Patients were asked about their opinions on effectiveness and government promotion of generic substitutions. In the study consisting of 100 participants 92 of them had heard of generic drugs while 76% knew the difference between generic and branded drugs. 47.8% believed that brand name drugs were more effective than generic while 34.7% believed in lower quality of generic drugs. Only 30.4% of participants were aware of government’s efforts to promote generic drugs. 65% confirmed that they would prefer a generic drug only if it were recommended by a physician and not a pharmacist. Majority of participants had their primary source of information as social media. The result from study suggests that in order to reduce overall healthcare costs of Indians the government must ensure to include all healthcare professionals with physicians as primary informer and also include campaigns through social Medias. Keywords: Healthcare costs, generic drugs, branded drugs, community pharmacy
Background: Frequent use of antibiotics can cause antimicrobial resistance and increased health care cost. Child and infants have immature pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic system. To overcome issue regarding antibiotic, use of institutional protocols based on rational standard guidelines (IAP/WHO) is necessary. Aim: To assess prescribing pattern of antibiotics in department of pediatric at tertiary care teaching hospital. Methods: A 6 months prospective observational single centered study was conducted on 147 pediatric patients who were prescribed with antibiotics at a tertiary care teaching Hospital, from December 2017 to May 2018. Results: In study population distribution of age 5-10(41.66%) is highest population of patients and age 16-18(9.72%) is lowest patients of population. In disease distribution URTI (23.12%) is highest population of patients and Meningitis (2.02%) is lowest. Amoxicilin (27.21%) was more prescribed antibiotic and Levofloxacin (2.04%) was less prescribed drug. In gender distribution (66.66%) patient were found to be male and (33.33%) patient were found to be female out of total population. In frequency of treatment (54.42%) were given as twice a day, followed by (27.89%) were given once a day and (17.68%) were given as a thrice a day. Conclusion: It was found that the population of male patient more than female patient, Study give the common idea of antibiotic prescribing pattern. The prescribing of antibiotics was according to the guidelines. Keywords: Antibiotic, Pediatric, rational, prescribing pattern, inpatient, outpatient.
Objective: Long-lasting migraine pain is one of the most disabling neurological disorders and requires a quick onset of action from the administered dosage form. This study aimed to provide sublingual administration of the frequently used combination of NSAID and triptan in order to trigger their action immediately by escaping the first-pass metabolism, simultaneously improving patient compliance. Methods: In the present research, sublingual bilayer films were developed by joining the two loaded layers with zolmitriptan and piroxicam, respectively. Each layer was prepared and loaded separately using the traditional solvent casting method. Mechanical support was provided by the 1:1 combination of HPMC E-15 and pullulan, which were used as water-soluble film-forming polymers with polyethylene glycol 400 as a plasticizer. Films were evaluated for various physicochemical and mechanical properties. Finally, a pharmacokinetic study was performed on six healthy human volunteers to compare the PK parameters of the best formulation, BSTF-3, with those of a commercially available formulation. Sepitrap 80 and Sepitrap 4000 were used as bio-enhancers to achieve faster systemic delivery. Results: The thin, flexible bilayer films were observed to provide quick action alone with increase patient compliance by preventing the first-pass metabolism and dysphagia. Sepitrap 80 successfully increased the permeation of both drugs. Approximately 92 percent of zolmitriptan was released from the formed bilayer sublingual thin films within 3 min, whereas 92 percent of piroxicam was released within 4.5 min from the best formulation. Within 30 min of the commencement of the pharmacokinetic investigation, plasma concentrations of the active component began to rise rapidly. Conclusion: When compared to commercial formulations, the developed films had a greater AUC and Cmax with a shorter Tmax, indicating a faster trigger of action and higher bioavailability.
Epilepsy is one of the few neurologic disorders that require a constant treatment during pregnancy. Prescription of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) to pregnant women with epilepsy requires monitoring and maintaining a balance between limiting seizures and decreasing fetal exposure to the potential teratogenic effects. AEDs are also commonly used for psychiatric disorders and migraines. The types of malformations that can result in fetuses exposed to AEDs include minor anomalies, major congenital malformations, intrauterine growth retardation, cognitive dysfunction, low IQ, microcephaly, and infant mortality. In the present review, we analysed and summarised the current understanding of neurological development in fetus that are exposed to various AEDs administered to pregnant epileptic women. Unfortunately, AED combinations were shown to yield only a relatively small gain in seizure control in patients with focal epilepsies if a potentially appropriate first drug has already failed. The logical possibility was therefore raised that combinations of AEDs with different molecular mechanisms of action might provide a better chance of seizure control than combinations of AEDs all of which possessed the same mechanism of action, for example on Na+ channels, GABA-Cl or synaptic vesicle mechanisms, AMPA receptors. However, few studies are yet available demonstrating that this expectation applies in practice.
Background: Chronic liver disease (CLD) is a condition of liver damage that includes cirrhosis and fibrosis of liver. It is a progressive destruction of liver functions due to inflammation, exertion of bile and detoxification of harmful products of metabolism. Objective : To assess the prescribing pattern in chronic liver disease patients and to facilitate rational use of medication. Method : A uni-centric prospective (observational) study was conducted for a period of 6 months for analyzing the prescribing pattern used in treating Chronic Liver Disease (CLD) patients. All the patients (both male and female) diagnosed with CLD visited to gastroenterology department were included in the study. Patients with pregnancy, age below 18 year and above 80 year were not involved in the study. Result: It was observed that the number of males accounted for the 64% of the total patients and rest 36% were females. CLD affected the age group of 48 – 58 years and the common causes were hepatitis C virus (55.55%) and alcohol consumption (26.19%).
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