Determination of internal qualities such as total soluble solids (TSS) and pH is a paramount concern in strawberry cultivation. Therefore, the main objective of the current study was to develop a non-destructive approach with machine learning algorithms for predicting TSS and pH of strawberries. Six hundred samples (100 samples in each ripening stage) in six ripening stages were collected randomly for measuring the biometrical characteristics, i.e., length, diameters, weight and TSS and pH values. An image of each strawberry fruit was captured for colour feature extraction using an image processing technique. Channels of each colour space (RGB, HSV and HSL) were used as input variables for developing multiple linear regression (MLR) and support vector machine regression (SVM-R) models. The result of the study indicated that SVM-R model with HSV colour space performed slightly better than MLR model for TSS and pH prediction. The HSV based SVM-R model could explain a maximum of 84.1% and 79.2% for TSS and 78.8% and 72.6% for pH of the variations in measured and predicted data in training and testing stages, respectively. Further experiments need to be conducted with different strawberry cultivars for the prediction of more internal qualities along with the improvement of model performance.
Intensively grown strawberries in a greenhouse require frequent and precise soil physicochemical constituents for optimal production. Strawberry leaf color analyses are the most effective way to evaluate soil status and protect against excess environmental nutrients and financial setbacks. Meanwhile, precision agriculture (PA) endorsements have been utilized to mimic solutions to these problems. This research aimed to create machine learning models such as multiple linear regression (MLR) and gradient boost regression (GBR) for simulating strawberry leaf color changes related to soil physicochemical components and plant age using RGB (red, green, and blue) mean values. The soil physicochemical properties of the largest varied colored leaves of strawberry were precisely measured by a multifunctional soil sensor from the rooting zones. Simultaneously, 400 strawberry leaflets were detached in each vegetative and reproductive stage, and individual leaves were captured using a digital imaging system. The RGB mean values of colored images were extracted using the image segmentation algorithms of image processing technique. Consequently, MLR and GBR models were developed to predict leaf RGB mean values based on soil physicochemical measurements and plant age. The GBR model vigorously fitted with RGB mean values throughout the growth stage, with R2 and RMSE values of (R = 0.77, 7.16, G = 0.72, 7.37, and B = 0.70, 5.68), respectively. Furthermore, the MLR model performed moderately with R2 and RMSE values of (R = 0.67, 8.59, G = 0.57, 9.12, and B = 0.56, 6.81) when consecutively predicting RGB mean values in strawberry leaves. Eventually, the GBR model performed more effectively than the MLR model with high-performance metrics. In addition, the leaf color model uses visualization technology to measure growth progress, and it performs well in predicting dynamic changes in strawberry leaf color.
Timely monitoring of fruit weight is a paramount concern for the improvement of productivity and quality in strawberry cultivation. Therefore, the present study was conducted to introduce a simple non-destructive technique with machine learning models in measuring fruit weight of strawberries. Nine hundred samples from three strawberry cultivars, i.e., Seolhyang, Maehyang, and Santa (300 samples in each cultivar), in six different ripening stages were randomly collected for determining length, diameter, and weight of each fruit. Pixel numbers of each captured fruit’s image were calculated using image processing techniques. A simple linear-based regression (LR) and a nonlinear regression, i.e., support vector regression (SVR) models were developed by using pixel numbers as input parameter in modeling fruit weight. Findings of the study showed that the LR model performed slightly better than the SVR model in estimating fruit weight. The LR model could explain the relationship between the pixel numbers and fruit weight with a maximum of 96.3% and 89.6% in the training and the testing stages, respectively. This new method is promising non-destructive, time-saving, and cost-effective for regularly monitoring fruit weight. Hereafter, more strawberry samples from various cultivars might need to be examined for the improvement of model performance in estimating fruit weight.
This study aimed to develop a service model that uses a deep learning algorithm for detecting diseases and pests in strawberries through image data. In addition, the pest detection performance of deep learning models was further improved by proposing segmented image data sets specialized in disease and pest symptoms. The CNN-based YOLO deep learning model was selected to enhance the existing R-CNN-based model's slow learning speed and inference speed. A general image data set and a proposed segmented image dataset was prepared to train the pest and disease detection model. When the deep learning model was trained with the general training data set, the pest detection rate was 81.35%, and the pest detection reliability was 73.35%. On the other hand, when the deep learning model was trained with the segmented image dataset, the pest detection rate increased to 91.93%, and detection reliability was increased to 83.41%. This study concludes with the possibility of improving the performance of the deep learning model by using a segmented image dataset instead of a general image dataset.
Background: Experiments were conducted to analyze environmental parameters and growth-related factors to identify the most influential factors in estimating pig’s body weight (PBW) using artificial neural networks (ANNs) and multiple linear regression (MLR)-based models. Methods: Four different ANNs, including Cascade Forward Back-propagation (CFBP), Layer Recurrent (LR), Feed Forward Back-propagation (FFBP) and Elman (EL), and MLR models were developed to estimate the body weight of pigs. The current research was conducted for 92 days during the two experimental periods (2021–2022) in a pig barn. Result: The Levenberg-Marquardt training function, gradient descent weight and bias learning function, tan-sigmoid transfer function, and two hidden layers with 16 neurons in each layer were shown to be the most effective architecture of the FFBP model in predicting PBW. According to the sensitivity analysis, length of pig (LP) was the most influential factor in estimating the PBW for MLR/ANN models. However, the environmental parameters along with growth-related factors could not always be the same association with PBW. Therefore, further research on viable alternative breeds with different management conditions may be considered to evaluate MLR and ANN model’s performance.
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