Lending is the primary business of retail banking and non-performing loans (NPLs) have been the focus of attention in recent years. In the wake of the 2008–2010 financial crisis, non-performing loans (NPLs) had increased everywhere, but in some countries they had reached unprecedented heights. Several banks have experienced a particularly challenging period over recent years and the Great Financial Crisis has highlighted the weakness of the banking system and the need to further investigate banks’ asset quality and transparency from both a regulatory and an accounting perspective, which pressure by different institutions for a more accurate assessment of loan portfolios led to the general need for higher provisioning in a period characterised by extremely low interest rates and low bank profitability. The objective of this research is to determine the factors associated with non-performing loans. We presented a literature study using systematic literature review of relevant publications and as a result of this process, we included 21 articles and then examined the bibliographical references to check the validity of the inquiry and to avoid any potential omissions. We identified several variables that affect NPLs and those that are influenced by NPLs. We found no variables that associate with policies, and strongly suggest research for variables that associate with policies.
Governments have increasingly liberalized their policies in recent years to attract foreign investment, as they have witnessed a favorable impact – both direct and indirect – on target country firms and economic development. The effect of multiple large shareholders on firm performance cannot be considered in isolation, however, as the institutional and developmental conditions vary across countries. The objective of this research is to determine the influence of institutional ownership to firm performance especially in The Capital Bank. This research uses quantitative methods and linear regression analysis. The results of the analysis show that there is no effect of institutional ownership on ROA and ROE at The Capital Bank for the period December 2012 – December 2019. There is no effect of institutional ownership on the performance of The Capital Bank because the percentage of institutional ownership less than 50% so the contribution does not have much effect on the company's strategic decisions.
Tujuan penelitian adalah ini untuk mengetahui keterkaitan board gender diversity dengan variabel-variabel lain. Board gender merupakan faktor penting yang mempengaruhi keputusan strategis perusahaan. Penelitian ini menggunakan studi literatur (literature review) sebagai metodologi penelitian. Penelitian ini menunjukkan hasil bahwa keragaman gender dewan (board gender diversity) berpengaruh positif terhadap stock price informativeness, firm performance, sustainability reporting quality, internal control weaknesses, corporate social responsibility (CSR), CEO’s base pay dan compensation inequality, corporate risk, dividend payouts, renewable energy consumption, corporate innovation, firm profitability, biodiversity disclosures, cross listing, organizational performance, corporate environmental responsibility, financial reporting quality, firm performance pada negara dengan high national governance quality. Penelitian ini juga memperlihatkan bahwa dividend payments, capital structure, technical efficiency, R&D investments, cost of bank loans, stock price cash risk, firm performance pada negara dengan low national governance quality berbanding terbalik dengan board gender diversity. Hasil selanjutnya adalah board gender diversity tidak berpengaruh terhadap firm risk. Kata kunci: board gender diversity, telaah pustaka
The developed financial sector can significantly provide financial services to developing economies by the motive as well as best opportunity of using new advanced technology; it may help them to maintain clean environment with help of environmentally friendly production, thus providing with a higher level of the global environmental quality and further it will boost sustainable development of economies (J. Frankel & Rose, 2002). Financial development would increase R&D investment as to speed up growth, thereby influencing the environmental quality (J. A. Frankel & Romer, 1999). The objective of this research is to determine the effect of R&D expenditure on CO2 emissions in Austria in 1996-2006. We presented a quantitative study using simple linear regression to analyze the data and as a result of this process, we found that R&D expenditure has significant effect to CO2 emissions in Austria in 1996-2006. The fact that R&D influence on CO2 emissions can be positive, negative and insignificant must be taken into account when designing environmental policies and various programs, strategies and initiatives to encourage and fund R&D activities, in the context of environmental protection, government efforts should be strictly focused on the promotion and support of R&D programs directly aimed at reducing CO2 emissions and increasing the use thereof (Petrović & Lobanov, 2020).
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