For the first time since Independence, India’s urban population has registered a higher increase than the rural population. Increasing urbanbiased economic activity and job creation are leading to rapid urbanisation, and a greater number of poor people today are living in cities and towns in India. Slums, often the residence of migrants and urban poor, are underserved areas with poor housing, insufficient living space, basic infrastructure and services such as clean drinking water, drainage and electricity, and poor access to toilets and sanitation services. Urban poverty and life in slums significantly compromise the ability of women and girls to effectively manage menstruation. There are many factors that affect how women manage their monthly period, such as the lack of information and awareness on menstruation, unaffordability of menstrual products, poor access to water, sanitation and hygiene infrastructure and services, lack of privacy, safety and security. This article seeks to highlight the challenges faced in managing menstruation in the context of a slum/poor urban settlement and the need for a convergent and comprehensive approach involving key stakeholders including communities, civil society and government departments to ensure gender-sensitive, menstrual hygiene management-centric interventions.
A person does not need to go through pages of articles for a given topic to understand the gist; a mere summary is more than sufficient in many cases. This has given rise to many apps that crunch through hundreds of articles to generate a personalized feed of summaries that a user can go through. With more and more people having access to the internet, lots of information is being created and shared online. This gives us the luxury of having it just a click away from consumption. However, not all of this information is filtered and cleared from the noise. This work aims to explore different techniques of text summarization and evaluate them on different parameters such as the extent of compression/summarization, retention of meaning/gist, and grammatical errors.
of 882 nurses aged 20 to 65 years were compared with 12,213 non-medical working women with similar socioeconomic status. Multivariate generalized estimating equation models were analyzed to test the hypotheses. We also used weighted propensity scores to adjust for selection bias. The primary outcomes were whether or not patients received hospital-based invasive procedures or surgery, total hospitalization cost, length of hospital stay (LOS), and 7-day and 14-day readmission association with genital diseases. Results: Nurses were less likely to undergo hospital-based surgery for genital diseases (OR 0.60; 95% CI: 0.44, 0.81), and they incurred lower total hospitalization cost (β -0.12; 95% CI: -0.18, -0.06) than non-medical working women after adjusting for demographic and clinical factors (eg, age, insurable wage, major diagnosis, Charlson comorbidity index, and physician and institutional characteristics). However, the likelihood of receiving hospital-based invasive procedures, longer LOS, and readmission did not differ between the two groups. ConClusions: A probability of undergoing hospitalized surgery for female genital diseases and incurring total hospitalization cost was lower among nurses than among non-medical working women. These findings suggest that medical knowledge, familiarity with health care system and care experience may have been contributory factors.
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