Experiments were carried out to reduce the harmful exhaust emissions from the engine through various in‐cylinder techniques such as nanoparticles blended fuel. In this present investigation, the effect of methanol‐gasoline fuel blends (M10, M30, and M50) and neat gasoline (G100) on a single‐cylinder four‐stroke SI engine was studied under idle throttle operating conditions to obtain the characteristics of total fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. The fuel‐borne nanoparticles such as aluminum oxyhydroxide [AlO(OH)] from 50 to 150 ppm were mixed with methanol gasoline blends. AlO(OH) behaves like a fire retardant which prevents detonation and knocking under a higher concentration of methanol gasoline blends. The SI engine was running without any problem using gasoline–methanol blends up to M50 under idling and acceleration. However, the engine was running under idling conditions using neat methanol (M100) and failed to run under acceleration due to poor combustion under a rich mixture. The total fuel consumption decreased with the use of methanol and significant reductions were observed on engine surface temperature, exhaust gas temperature, and the exhaust emissions such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxide when compared with neat gasoline.
<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Lubricants minimize friction, heat, friction, and wear of moving or rotating parts. They serve several essential roles in IC engines, including lubricating, cooling, cleaning, suspending, and corrosion protection of metal surfaces. Nanolubricants have gained popularity due to their exceptional rheological, tribological, and wear resistance properties. The ability to design and anticipate the behavior of a lubricated mechanical system requires an understanding of rheological and heat transfer performance. This article explored the stability, rheological, and heat transfer performance of a novel ZnO-TiO<sub>2</sub>/5W30 hybrid nanolubricant to employ it as an effective lubricant for spark-ignition engines. The stability of the hybrid nanolubricant is analyzed using a zeta potential test, UV-vis spectrophotometer, and visual inspection. The zeta potential value of 46.3 mV for 0.1 wt.% ZnO-TiO<sub>2</sub>/5W30 hybrid nanolubricant indicates that it is stable at this concentration. The sample passed the stability test after seven days of preparation. The authors observed that the zeta potential value falls faster as the nanoparticle concentration rises in the nanolubricant. According to UV-Visible spectroscopy results, the dispersion of the 0.1% hybrid nanolubricant is comparatively more stable than the 0.5% hybrid nanolubricant. At higher temperatures, non-Newtonian shear-thinning behavior is seen in both the hybrid nanolubricant and base engine oil (5W30). The hybrid nanolubricant has a viscosity index of 171, which is higher than that of the base lubricant and indicates a minimal change in kinematic viscosity with temperature. Compared to the base lubricant, the 0.1 wt.% hybrid nanolubricant demonstrated a 4% increase in thermal conductivity at higher temperatures. Hybrid nanolubricant’s improved characteristics make it ideal for use in SI engines.</div></div>
Significant growth in renewable fuel output is required to effectively remove fossil fuel dependence in the transportation sector. Alcohol is regarded as an excellent renewable gasoline substitute. This study investigates the noise and vibration characteristics of a spark-ignition (SI) engine in relation to engine performance, combustion, and exhaust emissions evaluation using methanol-based single and dual alcohol (Ternary) blends. The tests were carried out on a single-cylinder, 4-stroke SI engine utilizing an eddy current dynamometer to investigate the behaviors of single and dual alcohol blended fuels. This study compared the blended alcohol fuels (M10, M15, M20, iBM10, and iBM15) with baseline gasoline at various engine loads. Because of the natural oxygen levels of alcohols, alcohol blends had higher BTE, peak in-cylinder pressure, and heat release rate (HRR). At 2500 rpm and 75% load, the iBM15 had a higher BTE of 33.58 percent. The blended fuels significantly reduced HC and CO emissions compared to conventional gasoline. The noise level increases as the load increases, and blends had a slightly higher but comparable noise level to gasoline. Compared to gasoline, alcohol blends vibrate less, with iBM15 exhibiting a 25.2% and 51.12% drop in vibration level in the Z and Y direction, respectively. It's worth noting that the higher-order alcohol isobutanol can be used to improve the quality of methanol-gasoline blends and as a partial replacement for fossil fuel in the SI engine.
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