Eighty strains of Trichoderma harzianum and T. viride occurring in sugarcane rhizosphere soil of sub-tropical zone were isolated on Trichoderma specific medium and tried screened in vitro against Colletotrichum falcatum. Highly potent ones (Th 37 & Th 38) were tried to manage red rot disease under field conditions. Healthy setts were treated by applying Trichoderma mixed culture (TMC) of T. harzianum strains grown in sterilized maize bran (2 kg) and subsequently mixed with sterilized press mud or FYM (20 kg) / ha. The treatment was also compared with spore suspension containing 10 6 conidia / ml and metabolites (2.5% culture filtrate). Combinations were also tried for improving efficiency. The trials were repeated thrice in CoLk 7701, a highly susceptible variety / genotype. Disease management was ascertained by inoculation challenged with potent Colletotrichum falcatum pathotype (Cf 09). Infection of C. falcatum was protected in 45-55% plants. There was no infection in such plants as against 97-100% infection in check. Red rot infection was also considerably suppressed in 20-25% plants. Where grade of infection was reduced to 2-4 in 0-9 scale. Testing was made at an appropriate temperature (30 0 C) and high relative humidity (90%) during July-August. The protection offered might be due to direct parasitic action of T. harzianum on C. falcatum and also systemic resistance induced in sugarcane. Application of T. harzianum is useful for management of red rot and cultivation of moderately resistant varieties for several years. It is also useful for reducing the economical losses in susceptible varieties. The yield was also enhanced by 15-20 t / ha due to improved germination and shoot biomass. Application of Trichoderma biopesticide is eco-friendly, economical and efficient for improving soil health also.
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Food is considered to be the path of health and salvation. Desire of food, easy digestion of ingested food, proper excretion of feces, urine and flatus, lightness of body, longevity and happiness are known to be features of health. Health is dependent upon food and the food looks for proper method. In the present era, everyone wants to know only about tasty food, but people are not much aware of the rules of food preparation, rules of proper intake, and proper utensils for food intake, etc. Practicing appropriate diet-regimen, pertinent demeanor, appropriate sleep and wake up makes a person devoid of distress. In this way a vast description of salutary diet regimen is available in the treatise of Āyurveda. This paper deals with the use of utensils and methodology of food intake mentioned in Kaśyapa Saṃhitā and other Ayurvedic scriptures.
In India, the study of Taxonomical rank classification and naming of plants in Sanskrit language is much older than that of Latin and Greek languages and the study dates back to Vedic period from 2500 BC to 600 BC. In Rigveda, three groups of plants have been recognised, viz. trees (Briksha), herbs (Osadhi) and creepers (Virudh). These are further classified into flowering, non-flowering, fruit bearing and fruitless plants. Atharva Veda also contains descriptions of many medicinal plants. In the ancient Indian texts, the nomenclature of the plants was generally based on the plant & # 39;s botanical characters and their therapeutic properties. In Rajanighantu, much importance has been given for nomenclature of plants for which seven factors have been described. In Europe botanical nomenclature has a long history from Theophrastus (c. 370-287 BC), Dioscorides (c. 40-90 AD) to Pliny the Elder (23-79 AD). From Mediaeval times, Latin became the universal scientific language (lingua franca) in Europe. With the advancement of time more and more number of plants were explored which were somewhat similar morphologically but varying from each other in one or the other way. Thus, a need of keen morphological description of plants aroused and modern science provided a number of tactics to identify and classify the available flora. So, the methods of nomenclature witnessed a sea change from the ancient times till today's 21st century. So, the present work aims to discuss about the classification of plants is older than the period of the Theophrastus.
During the field survey and plant exploration tour of Morni Hills, Panchkula, Haryana, the authors collected about 2200 field numbers (980 species) during different seasons, out of them 53 species were not reported in the floristic documentation before. The present paper enumerates 53 plant species which are new to the flora of Haryana. Morphological characters, flowering and fruiting time along with ecological notes have also been provided.
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