We propose 2 novel scoring systems to guide use of echocardiography in SAB cases. Larger prospective studies are needed to validate the classification performance of these scoring systems.

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Prosthetic joint infection is frequent in patients with existing arthroplasties and concomitant S. aureus bacteremia, particularly with community-acquired S. aureus bacteremia and multiple prostheses. In contrast, occult S. aureus prosthetic joint infection without clinical features suggestive of prosthetic joint infection at the time of S. aureus bacteremia is rare.

Background Prompt recognition of underlying cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) infection in patients presenting with S. aureus bacteremia (SAB) is critical for optimal management of these cases. The goal of this study was to identify clinical predictors of CIED infection in patients presenting with SAB and no signs of pocket infection. Methods and Results All cases of SAB in CIED recipients at Mayo Clinic from 2001 to 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. We identified 131 patients with CIED who presented with SAB and had no clinical signs of device pocket infection. Forty-five (34%) of these patients had underlying CIED infection based on clinical and/or echocardiographic criteria. The presence of a permanent pacemaker rather than an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (OR 3.90, 95% CI 1.65–9.23), P=0.002), >1 device-related procedure (OR 3.30, 95% CI 1.23–8.86, P=0.018), and duration of SAB ≥4 days (OR 5.54, 95% CI 3.32–13.23, P<0.001) were independently associated with an increased risk of CIED infection in a multivariable model. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) for the multivariable model was 0.79, indicating a good discriminatory capacity to distinguish SAB patients with and without CIED infection. Conclusions Among patients presenting with SAB and no signs of pocket infection, the risk of underlying CIED infection can be calculated based on the type of device, number of device-related procedures, and duration of SAB. We propose that patients without any of these high-risk features have a very low risk of underlying CIED infection and may be monitored closely without immediate device extraction. Prospective studies are needed to validate this risk prediction model.

Background: Endogenous endophthalmitis (EE) is a devastating complication that develops as a metastatic infection in patients with Klebsiella pneumoniae pyogenic liver abscess (KPPLA). The existing data are heterogeneous and the actual disease burden and risk factors for the development of EE among patients with KPPLA have not been systematically examined. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the incidence of EE, temporal trend of EE, and risk factors for EE in patients with KPPLA. Methodology: The MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases were searched for articles published from inception to 2020 that evaluated the incidence of EE among patients with KPPLA. By a random-effects method, a pooled estimate of its incidence with 95% confidence intervals was estimated along with examination of its temporal and geographic variations. Pooled odds ratios were calculated for risk factors. Results: Fifteen retrospective studies reporting data on 11889 patients with KPPLA met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. With 217 patients developing EE, the pooled incidence of EE was 4.5% (95% confidence interval 2.4% to 8.2%). The heterogeneity was considerable and significant (Cochran's Q 243.5, p < 0.001, I 2 = 94.2%). Conclusion:This meta-analysis estimates the actual incidence of EE among patients with KPPLA, where EE is reported in about 1 of 22 patients with KPPLA. Infection caused by K1 capsular serotype was an independent risk factor.