Shoot cultures from meristem explants of three cultivars of banana, 'Cavendish', 'Bluggoe' and 'Silk' were established on Murashige and Skoog medium with 8.9 ~tM benzyladenine and 0.98 laM indolebutyric acid. Different types of media, such as agar-gelled, agitated liquid and static liquid, were assessed for their ability to support shoot multiplication and ex vitro survival. Liquid media were found better for shoot multiplication whereas agar-gelled medium supported maximum ex vitro survival. For maximum plantlet production, growing in static liquid medium followed by a brief culture on agar-gelled medium has been suggested.
Anemia is defined as haemoglobin level in the blood below the lower extreme of the normal range for the age and sex of the individual. According to WHO, in developing countries the prevalence of anemia among pregnant women averages 60%, ranging between 35 to 100% among different regions of the world. A hemoglobin concentration below 11.0g/dl or packed cell volume (PCV) of less than 33.0% is regarded as anemia during pregnancy by the WHO. It occurs in 40-80% of the pregnant women. Iron and folic acid deficiencies, malaria, intestinal parasitic infections and hemoglobinopathies are the principal causes of anemia in pregnancy. Predisposing factors include young age, grand multiparity, low socioeconomic status, illiteracy, ignorance and short intervals of pregnancy. AIM AND OBJECTIVES: 1. To study various patterns of anemia in pregnant women having haemoglobin level < 11 gm%. 2. To determine the most common pattern of anemia in pregnancy based on red cell morphology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study is a prospective study over a period of one year from September 2014 to August 2015 in the department of pathology, Andhra medical college, Visakhapatnam. The study was conducted on 120 pregnant women whose haemoglobin level is <11 gm/dl. All the haemotological parameters & peripheral blood smear stained by Leishman's stain were evaluated. Complete clinical & obstetric history was recorded. Socioeconomic status was also noted. RESULTS: Out of 120 cases of anemia, we found 47 patients (39.1%) having dimorphic anemia, 36(30%)-microcytic hypochromic anemia, 23(19.1%)-normocytic hypochromic anemia, 11(9.16%)-sickle cell anemia and 1(0.83%) case of pancytopenia. Maximum cases were seen in the age group of 21-30 years. 52 cases (43.3%) were primigravida and remaining 68 cases (56.6%) were gravida two to four. 20 cases (16.6%) were diagnosed in the first trimester, 38 cases (31.6%) in the second trimester & 62 cases (51.6s%) in the third trimester. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the common morphological patterns of anemia in this study are dimorphic anemia and microcytic hypochromic anemia. More common in the multigravida & in the third trimester of pregnancy. After the 1 st trimester there is increased fetal demand & hemodilution effect and thus anemia occurs commonly in this period. The risk factors for anemia in this study are low socioeconomic status, multiparity & H/O complications during previous pregnancy. The socioeconomic conditions must be improved, early detection & good antenatal care to be provided for the prevention of anemia in pregnancy.
Mathematics plays a predominant role in our everyday life and has become an indispensable factor for the progress of our present day world. Counting starts from day one of the birth of a person. Most students would like to know why they have to study various mathematical concepts. Teachers usually cannot think of a real-life application for most topics or the examples that they have are beyond the level of most students. Mathematics is generally regarded as the driest subject at school, made up of routine, difficult, boring, arcane and irrelevant calculations which have nothing to do with discovery and imagination. In this paper, I have discussed the purposes of mathematics, aims of mathematics education and the rationales for a broad-based school curriculum followed by some examples of applications of mathematics in the workplace that secondary school and junior college students can understand. Lastly, I will look at how mathematical processes, such as problem solving, investigation, and analytical and critical thinking, are important in the workplace. The truly outstanding work of this research paper is a collection of review papers / articles investigating the open problems. In this paper I have discussed recent advances, problems and their current status as well as historical background of the subjects. It will help the students in pursuing higher education in their respective fields.
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