Background: Localization is an important area of implementation of internet of things based Wireless Sensor networks. Outdoor user tracking is possible using the global positioning system; however, the global positioning system accuracy decreases in indoor environments. The wireless sensor network is used on the internet of things based technology for localization to overcome this problem. Objective: The wireless sensor network-based indoor localization is categorized into two categories; range-based and range-free localization. In range-based localization, first, it computes the relative distance, and then it calculates relative coordinates. In range-based techniques, distance and position are calculated. The internet of things-based localization used the range-based and range-free techniques of a wireless sensor network to localize any object. The Light-Dependent Resistor-based localization work has been proposed in previous research. In this research, the light-dependent register traces a person’s entry /exit event as the person switches ON/OFF lights of the building. It was not a sufficient effort to localize a person using a light-dependent register. The two PIR have been used in each room, along with one RFID-based approach proposed in this study to overcome light-dependent records. Methods: An Indoor scenario has been considered in this study. The hardware setup has been configured to trace the user. When a user enters inside a building, he will switch on the lights, and the light sensor records the light intensity and gives some reading. The difference in light sensor reading (before switching ON the light and after switching OFF the light) gives some clue about a user in an indoor scenario. Nevertheless, if the lights of many rooms remain switched ON, the user cannot be localized using the above method. Two passive infrared sensors in each room and one radio frequency identification-based model have been proposed in the present study to sort out this ambiguity of light sensors. Implementing the single-user localization using light dependent resistor sensor becomes erroneous if a person moves from one room to another and the lights are turned ON/OFF. Moreover, the LDR-based model is affected by sunlight during the daytime. Results: As the implementation of passive infrared sensors and one RFID-based localization technique gives efficiency 93 %, the light-dependent register-based localization system provides an efficiency of 35%. Conclusion: The light-dependent register-based approach is prone to more errors because the user may enter multiple rooms while the lights of each room remain ON. A passive infrared sensor and radio frequency identification-based approach for a single user indoor localization has been proposed to overcome this problem. The proposed techniques are easy and cost-effective for implementation. The results show that the proposed method provides better localization accuracy than the light-dependent sensor-based technique for single indoor localization.

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In Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) sensor-based user is localized based on the event and the intensity of the room light when a user enters inside a room and switch ON the lights, the intensity goes high, an entry is noti?ed. An exit is noti?ed when a user switches OFF the light and exit the room. Moreover, the model remains prone to more error in multi user localization because multiple users may enter inside same room at same time and the lights of many rooms remain ON which makes more difficult to localize a user. In order to overcome this ambiguity of light sensors, two passive infrared (PIR) sensor with radio frequency identi?cation (RFID) tag-based model has been proposed, where every user has a tag. In this system, 10 PIR sensors and 5 RFID readers were attached to house room (10.0 m * 6.0m). An entry is noti?ed if the following pattern form, the outer PIR detects a motion and waits for few seconds, next the RFID reader reads the tag given to the user and ?nally the inner PIR detects a motion within the given time delay. An exit of a user is noti?ed only if the pattern from inner PIR to outer PIR is followed with the given time delay. The RFID tag is used to identify which user has entered a room at a particular time and also ensures unauthorized entry. The LDR based system gives accuracy nearby 20% but the multi-person tracking in a binary infrared sensor network-based system gives accuracy near about 90%. In this paper, the proposed PIR sensor along with RFID based indoor navigation system gives accuracy near about 94%.