There are a number of pregnancy complications that confer significant risk to the mother or fetus. Induction of labour is as an artificial termination of pregnancy utilized to decrease both maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Institution based retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted among 347 pregnant women undergone induction of labour from 2013-2015 in Otona referral hospital. Nearly 207 (59.7%) of the women who undergone through induction of labor procedure had successful delivery of their baby. Premature rupture of the membranes 167(48.1%) was the most common reason for induction. Being women of age ≤ 24 years, having Bishop Score > 5 and Apgar score ≥ 7 at first minute were positively associated with successful induction of labour. Hospitals should have quality assurance programs and induction policies, including safety tools such as checklists, to ensure that inductions are performed in the best possible quality.
Background The proportion of patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) has grown with increasing number of diabetes mellitus patients in the world. It is among the major causes of blindness worldwide. The main objective of this study was to identify contributing risk factors of DR among people with type II diabetes mellitus. Method A sample of 191 people with type II diabetes mellitus was selected from the Black Lion Specialized Hospital diabetic unit from 1 March 2018 to 1 April 2018. A multivariate stochastic regression imputation technique was applied to impute the missing values. The response variable, DR is a categorical variable with two outcomes. Based on the relationship derived from the exploratory analysis, the odds of having DR were not necessarily linearly related to the continuous predictors for this sample of patients. Therefore, a semiparametric model was proposed to identify the risk factors of DR. Result From the sample of 191 people with type II diabetes mellitus, 98 (51.3%) of them had DR. The results of semiparametric regression model revealed that being male, hypertension, insulin treatment, and frequency of clinical visits had a significant linear relationships with the odds of having DR. In addition, the log- odds of having DR has a significant nonlinear relation with the interaction of age by gender (for female patients), duration of diabetes, interaction of cholesterol level by gender (for female patients), haemoglobin A1c, and interaction of haemoglobin A1c by fasting blood glucose with degrees of freedom $$3.2, 2.7, 3.6, 2.3 \, \text{ and }\, 3.7$$ 3.2 , 2.7 , 3.6 , 2.3 and 3.7 , respectively. The interaction of age by gender and cholesterol level by gender appear non significant for male patients. The result from the interaction of haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) by fasting blood glucose (FBG) showed that the risk of DR is high when the level of HbA1c and FBG were simultaneously high. Conclusion Clinical variables related to people with type II diabetes mellitus were strong predictive factors of DR. Hence, health professionals should be cautious about the possible nonlinear effects of clinical variables, interaction of clinical variables, and interaction of clinical variables with sociodemographic variables on the log odds of having DR. Furthermore, to improve intervention strategies similar studies should be conducted across the country.
Background: The proportion of patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) has grown with increasing number of diabetic mellitus patients in the world. It is among the top risk factors of blindness worldwide, especially those living in developing countries. The main objective of this study was to identify contributing risk factors of diabetic retinopathy among type II diabetic patients. Method: A sample of 191 type II diabetic patients was selected from the Black Lion Specialized Hospital diabetic unit from 1 March 2018 to 1 April 2018. A multivariate stochastic regression imputation technique was applied to impute the missing values. The response variable, diabetic retinopathy is a categorical variable with two outcomes. Based on the relationship derived from the exploratory analysis, the odds of diabetic retinopathy were not necessarily linearly related to the continuous predictors for this sample of patients. Therefore, a semiparametric model was proposed to identify the contributing factors of diabetic retinopathy. Result: From the sample of 191 type II diabetic patients, 98(51.3%) of them experienced diabetic retinopathy. The results of semiparametric regression model revealed that gender, hypertension, insulin treatment, and frequency of clinical visits had a significant linear relationships with the odds of diabetic retinopathy. In addition, the log-odds of DR has a significant nonlinear relation with the interaction of age by gender (for female patients), duration of diabetes, interaction of cholesterol level by gender (for female patients), haemoglobin A1c, and interaction of haemoglobin A1c by fasting blood glucose with degrees of freedom 3.2, 2.7, 3.6, 2.3 and 3.7, respectively. The interaction of age by gender and cholesterol level by gender appear non significant for male patients. The result from the interaction of haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) by fasting blood glucose (FBG) showed that the risk of diabetic retinopathy is high when the level of HbA1c and FBG were simultaneously high. Conclusion: Clinical variables related to type II diabetic patients were strong predictive factors of diabetic retinopathy. Hence, health professionals should be cautious about the possible effects and complications of diabetic mellitus which can be caused by the clinical variables. Furthermore, to improve intervention strategies similar studies should be conducted across the country.
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