New technologies of this age is widely referred as Industry 4.0. The rapid increase in digitalization, robotization, and intelligent automation has great impact on markets, including the labour market. Technological changes destroy some jobs while generating new jobs and occupations. Replacement of jobs by robots, smart vehicles, digitalized and connected processes will have great impact on labour market resulting in mass unemployment. This paper aims to highlight prospective changes in occupations and job losses due to new technologies in Turkey. Following the introduction part, the paper proceeds to literature review about the effect of new technologies on jobs, skills, tasks, occupations, and employment. In the next part, a time analysis of occupations in Turkey takes place in order to bring out the occupations which might be substituted by Industry 4.0, and thus might result in mass unemployment. A framework for susbstitutable and complementable occupations in Turkey has been constituted in this part, too. In the concluding remarks, it has been put forward that there will be considerable losses in some occupational categories with routine tasks, both in manual and cognitive jobs. In some other jobs, new technologies have a complementing effect which might lead to employment generation. It has been suggested that Turkey can get the better of negative impacts of Industry 4.0 by fully analysing the issue, improving training and skills upgrading, and promoting jobs in technology and creativity related new fields such as cultural and creative industries.
Any fundamental change in a society has a deep effect on the structure and composition of employment. In the era of knowledge society, this structural transformation brings about the creation of new jobs and the extinction of certain traditional jobs. An analysis of employment by occupations may show the new jobs created by new technologies and industries, and also may reveal labour market risks related with non-decent jobs.In this paper an analysis of occupational composition of employment in the EU15 and Turkey has been made for the purpose of highlighting the dual increase in both skilled and non-skilled jobs created by the ongoing structural changes; and labour market risks related with low-skilled occupations. The study is supported with empirical data, and it concludes that people having nondecent jobs in services and elementary jobs are in need of social protection; and that new jobs can be generated in certain subgroups.
Minimum wage is defined as the minimum amount of remuneration that employers legally have to pay to workers for the work performed during a given period, which cannot be reduced by collective agreement or an individual contract. The main purpose of the legislation is to ensure that employers do not exploit their workers, and thus it protects workers against unduly low pay. Minimum wage tries to provide a minimum living wage for a considerable amount of working people. Minimum wage exists in more than ninety per cent of the ILO member states. In recent years, global real wage growth has fallen from 1.6 percent in 2012 to 0.9 in 2015. Decrease in the earnings in the form of wages perpetuates and augments income inequalities. In order to come over ineqality gaps, many countries have adopted or strengthened minimum wages. Some researchers claim that raising the minimum wage causes job losses. They build their assertions on the assumptions of the mainstream labor market which predicts that a higher minimum wage will lead to job loss among low-skilled workers. This assumption has been corrected by other researchers that it might have such an effect in some industries and only on young people, not on the other millions of workers. Labour force and wages are the fundamental components of the labour market. However, minimum wage legislation is within the domains of economy, policy, and ethics. In that sense, minimum wage cannot be analysed and discussed in economic terms. When child labour was banned in many countries, it was not regarded as a loss in production but was thought of as praise of dignity. In this study, which the methodology is theoretical, I tried to highlight the characteristics of minimum wage in order to claim that it would be rightful to treat minimum wage within an ethical, not within an economic perspective.
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