Background. Increased consumption of foods high in resistant starch (RS) has been shown to prevent or manage type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and colon cancer. Materials and methods. The current study was carried out to identify the effects of supplementing noodles with high RS flour from red kidney beans, black turtle beans, mung beans, and potato starch on their RS content, quality properties, morphological appearance and consumer perception. The noodles were labelled F0 with 100% wheat flour, F1 with 22.5% high RS flour, F2 with 30% high RS flour, and F3 with 37.5% high RS flour. Results. The obtained results showed that the content of resistant starch in the noodles increased when some of the wheat flour was added/replaced with flour high in resistant starch content. The bright color of the noodles, L*, decreased significantly from the control sample F0 to the F3 formulation of noodles, which was attributed to the dark color of the supplemented flour, and the yellowness of the noodles also decreased. The addition of high RS flour had no significant effect on the hardness of the noodles. However, the cooking loss increased in the noodles from 6.09% in F0 to 9.87% in F3. The images from scanning electron microscopy showed increased pores in the noodles supplemented with high RS flour, which may explain the increased cooking loss. Consumers preferred the F2 noodles with 30% high RS flour supplementation. The incorporation of high RS flour into the noodle formulation increased RS content, but it had some negative effects on the quality parameters of the noodles. Conclusion.In order to achieve high RS noodles with acceptable quality, a suitable balance with the percentage of flour ought to be established when formulating products supplemented with high RS flour.
Starch is a complex carbohydrate consisting of numerous glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds. According to digestibility, starch has been categorized into rapidly digestible starch that takes 20 minutes after consumption to be fully digested, slow digestible starch which takes between 20 and 120 minutes to be fully digested in the small intestines, and resistant starch (RS) which resists digestion in the small intestine and undergoes fermentation in the large intestines, hence producing beneficial products for the human health. The study was carried out to compare the contents of RS in different starchy vegetables and analyze the physicochemical properties such as moisture content, amylose content, swelling, and water absorption capacity (WAC) of the chosen food samples and explain the relationship between the physicochemical properties and RS content of the food samples. Potato starch recorded a high resistant starch content at 56.43%, while corn starch was low at 2.82% RS. There was a positive correlation between RS and amylose content. However, there was a negative correlation between swelling capacity and WAC. The RS content of potato starch recorded the least swelling at 1.49 g/g compared to the high value of yellow sweet potatoes of 8.47 g/g. Water absorption capacity presented a similar trend to swelling. In six out of the eight samples analyzed, a high amylose content in starchy foods was an indication of high RS in the food, attributed to its long chain and double helices it forms after gelatinization. A high RS content in foods leads to low swelling capacity and low WAC. Therefore, low swelling in potato starch indicated a high RS content.
The present study aimed to add high resistant starch (RS) flours including black beans, mung beans, green bananas and purple sweet potatoes as well as potato starch starches into the macaroni formulation. The RS of the materials used was analyzed. The physical, chemical, textural, qualitative and organoleptic values of macaroni products were measured and determined. A significant difference (P<0.05) in RS content of food ingredients was obtained, in which potato starch was the highest at 56.43% and black turtle beans powder was at least 16.59%. Swelling and water absorption showed an inverse relationship with RS content. The RS content of macaroni increased significantly with the replacement of wheat flour with flours and starches of high RS content in their formulation. The L* lightness and yellowness b*(+) of the macaroni were significantly reduced with the high RS flours/starch in the formulation. Scanning electron microscopy images showed an increase in pore sizes in macaroni with high RS flour in comparison with the control sample. Analysing of sensory values by principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the sample from formulation M2 with 19.2% powder containing RS substitute was a highly accepted product by the panellists with desirable properties. Food processors have incorporated various highly nutritious foods in many conventional foods, therefore, high RS flours and starch in macaroni have been shown to improve RS consumption, which essentially has many health benefits.
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