Recent data from this laboratory demonstrate that increasing adipocyte intracellular Ca(2+) results in a coordinated stimulation of lipogenesis and inhibition of lipolysis. We have also noted that increasing dietary calcium of obese patients for 1 year resulted in a 4.9 kg loss of body fat (P<0.01). Accordingly, we tested the possibility that calcitrophic hormones may act on adipocytes to increase Ca(2+) and lipid metabolism by measuring the effects of 1, 25-(OH)(2)-D in primary cultures of human adipocytes, and found significant, sustained increases in intracellular Ca(2+) and a corresponding marked inhibition of lipolysis (EC(50) approximately 50 pM; P<0.001), suggesting that dietary calcium could reduce adipocyte mass by suppressing 1,25-(OH)(2)-D. To test this hypothesis, we placed transgenic mice expressing the agouti gene specifically in adipocytes on a low (0.4%) Ca/high fat/high sucrose diet either unsupplemented or with 25 or 50% of the protein replaced by non-fat dry milk or supplemented to 1.2% Ca with CaCO(3) for 6 wk. Weight gain and fat pad mass were reduced by 26-39% by the three high calcium diets (P<0.001). The high calcium diets exerted a corresponding 51% inhibition of adipocyte fatty acid synthase expression and activity (P<0.002) and stimulation of lipolysis by 3. 4- to 5.2-fold (P<0.015). This concept of calcium modulation of adiposity was further evaluated epidemiologically in the NHANES III data set. After controlling for energy intake, relative risk of being in the highest quartile of body fat was set to 1.00 for the lowest quartile of Ca intake and was reduced to 0.75, 0.40, and 0.16 for the second, third, and fourth quartiles, respectively, of calcium intake for women (n=380;P<0.0009); a similar inverse relationship was also noted in men (n=7114; P<0.0006). Thus, increasing dietary calcium suppresses adipocyte intracellular Ca(2+) and thereby modulates energy metabolism and attenuates obesity risk.

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Targeting knowledge or skills gaps and behavioral motivators in the formula-feeding population could positively affect infant-feeding practices that occur outside of recommendations.

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ObjectiveTo examine if dietary intake (DI), physical activity (PA), and school and family subjective social status (SSS) differed based on weight status (WS).Methods2,438 students in grades 7–12, who were surveyed and measured at a national creative competition, met study criteria and were included in the analysis. BMI was calculated using standard protocol. DI, PA and SSS data were collected via surveys.Results74.3% of participants were normal weight, 15.3% were overweight, and 10.4% were obese. 55.7% of respondents reported participating in ≥60 minutes of PA/day, 86.9% reported viewing <3 hours of TV/day, 20.5% reported consuming ≥3 dairy products/day, and 33.0% reported consuming ≥5 fruits and vegetables/day. There were no differences in DI by WS, but there were significant differences in PA measurements (p≤.001). Perceived family SSS was significantly higher for normal weight students compared to overweight and obese students (p=.019 and p≤ .001, respectively) and school SSS was significantly higher for normal weight students compared to obese students (p=.005).ConclusionThe prevalence of overweight and obesity was lower among this sample than current rates estimated in the US. Although the majority of these students met PA guidelines, DI recommendations were not met by most. Similar to previous research about SSS and WS, normal weight students had higher perceived SSS than did obese students.

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