Interactions between endothelial selectins and selectin ligands expressed on tumor cells have been implicated in the binding of circulating metastatic cancer cells to the vascular endothelium during extravasation. Moreover, there is mounting evidence that inflammatory environments can accelerate the progression of metastasis by neutrophil mediated mechanisms. In this study, a physiologically relevant in vivo model of early metastasis coupled with intravital microscopy was used to visualize the trafficking of tumor cells within the liver vasculature in real time. Using GFPlabeled Lewis lung carcinoma subline H-59 cells, we show here that disrupting the interactions between endothelial selectins and tumor cell selectin ligands diminished tumor cell recruitment to the liver. Furthermore, systemic inflammation induced by intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharide significantly enhanced the metastatic potential of these lung carcinoma cells by increasing their propensity to adhere to the liver sinusoidal endothelium. Confocal microscopy revealed frequent colocalization of cancer cells with neutrophils and neutrophil depletion in vivo significantly attenuated the lipopolysaccharide-induced increase in H-59 cell adhesion. Although direct selectin-selectin ligand interactions contributed significantly to tumor cell adhesion to sinusoidal endothelial cells, we show here that in addition, interactions between adherent neutrophils within the inflamed sinusoids and circulating tumor cells may further increase tumor cell arrest in the liver. ' 2009 UICC Key words: cancer; metastasis; lung; rodent; adhesion molecules; e-selectin; neutrophil; sialyl Lewis X Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. 1 A high proportion of patients harbor metastasis to regional lymph nodes upon presentation, and over half of all patients who undergo curative intent surgical resection of the lung will develop metastatic recurrence. 2 The liver is a common site of metastasis for lung cancer, with autopsy studies showing hepatic metastases in over 50% of lung cancer patients. 3 The hematogenous dissemination of cancer cells from a primary tumor to distant organs involves a cascade of sequential steps (reviewed in Refs. 4,5). The adhesion of circulating tumor cells to the vascular endothelium of distant organs is a key step in the metastatic cascade that may determine the organ tropism and extent of metastasis. Interactions between endothelial selectins and tumor cell selectin ligands have been implicated in the metastatic process. [5][6][7][8] Selectins are a family of transmembrane glycoproteins possessing an extracellular lectin domain that binds to carbohydrate moieties present on their ligands. 9 The three known selectins that function as cell adhesion molecules are expressed on the surface of endothelial cells (E-selectin and P-selectin), platelets (P-selectin) and leukocytes (L-selectin). E-selectin has been shown to contribute to the metastatic spread of multiple cancers, including lung and colon carcinoma, and m...