Acinetobacter baumanniii -motility -1,3-diaminopropane -dat -ddc -A. baylyi ADP1 -52
Unfed nymphs of Ixodes ricinus were collected from vegetation in a forest on the outskirts of Berlin, Germany and were analyzed for host and pathogen DNA. Pathogens were detected in 47% of the ticks. Borrelia afzelii was the commonest pathogen detected, followed by Rickettsia helvetica. Other pathogens included B. valaisiana, B. garinii, B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and a relapsing fever-like Borrelia. Most of the host DNA detected was of rodent origin and was associated with infection by B. afzelii, R. helvetica, and A. phagocytophilum. Bird DNA was associated with B. valaisiana and B. garinii, and ruminant DNA with A. phagocytophilum. B. afzelii was also found in two ticks that contained bird DNA.
Unfed Ixodes ricinus nymphs were infected with eight different strains and clones of Borrelia afzelii and B. garinii by capillary feeding. Except one B. afzelii clone, all expressed OspC in culture. Tick midguts and salivary glands were investigated at different time intervals for the presence of borreliae and for OspA and OspC phenotypes by immunofluorescence with simultaneous staining of OspA and OspC with monoclonal antibodies. Both species were transmittable to I. ricinus. All OspC-expressing strains and clones were able to disseminate into the salivary glands. In contrast, the OspC-negative B. afzelii clone was not detectable in the salivary glands, an indication that OspC plays an important role in dissemination. OspA-positive borreliae prevailed in the midgut. OspC positives were more frequent in the salivary glands than in the midgut. Notably, simultaneously OspA-and OspC-negative borreliae were detected in both organs. Kinetics of dissemination varied with the strains. The OspC-positive B. afzelii clone and all B. garinii OspA type 4 strains were detectable in the salivary glands right after feeding, while one B. garinii OspA type 6 strain invaded the salivary glands with a delay of 24 h. These findings support the hypothesis that OspA is abundantly expressed in unfed ticks while upregulation of OspC is also a prerequisite for dissemination in the vector for the Eurasian species B. afzelii and B. garinii. However, we found strain-specific dynamics of Osp expression and strain-specific kinetics of systemic infection in the vector tick and it appears that additional factors are involved in the initiation and regulation of the dissemination process.The Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex comprises at least three human-pathogenic species, all of which are present in Europe: B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, the only species causing Lyme borreliosis in the United States; B. afzelii; and B. garinii (1, 3). These spirochetes alternate in nature between endothermic hosts (mammals) and poikilothermic vectors (hard ticks within the genus Ixodes). In the vector, the spirochetes restart replication during the feeding process, migrate through the gut wall, and invade various tissues, including the salivary glands, wherefrom they are transmitted to the host via saliva (2,7,11,25,27,36). The borreliae are confronted with abrupt environmental changes during this cycling, such as differences in temperature, pH, the immune system, or osmotic pressure. To cope with these rapid changes, effective regulatory mechanisms for adaptation are required. Alteration of the outer surface protein (Osp) expression pattern-especially that of OspA and OspC-seems to be crucial for this adaptation process; expression of these two proteins varies even under routine culture conditions and seems to be inversely correlated (5,29,30,31). Elevated temperature and cocultivation with tick cells have been shown to induce OspC expression (10,20,26,28). OspA is abundantly expressed in unfed ticks, possibly mediating adherence to midgut cells and thu...
The objective of this study was to visualize borreliae directly in whole-body sections of Ixodes ricinus by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Borrelia afzelii mono-infected or Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (ss)/B. afzelii doubleinfected nymphs were fixed, embedded in cold polymerizing resin and sectioned. The same sample processing was applied to skin biopsies taken from a Mongolian gerbil after an infectious tick-bite. FISH was carried out using 16S-rRNA-directed, fluorescence-labelled oligonucleotide probes specific for the genus Borrelia and specific within the group of Lyme borreliosisassociated genospecies B. afzelii, B. burgdorferi ss, Borrelia garinii and Borrelia valaisiana. Sensitivity and specificity of the newly designed probes were evaluated using PCR, dot-blot hybridizations and FISH. Despite significant autofluorescence of certain tick tissues (which allowed good histological orientation within the sections), borreliae showing the typical spirochaetal morphotype were clearly visible in five out of six putatively infected ticks. These findings were confirmed by electron microscopy of ticks from the same infected batch as used for FISH. Attempts to produce ticks infected by two different Borrelia genospecies were not successful. FISH on whole-body sections of resin-embedded ticks offers the possibility of visualizing and identifying borreliae within tick tissues. This technique has great potential for the investigation of the transmission of bacteria or other micro-organisms by arthropod vectors. Furthermore, clear visualization of single spirochaetes distributed along subcutaneous fat cell membranes in gerbil skin biopsies suggests that FISH might also be suitable for the detection of borreliae in clinical tissue specimens.
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