Concomitant therapies combining psychostimulants such as methylphenidate and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are used to treat several mental disorders, including attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder/depression comorbidity. The neurobiological consequences of these drug combinations are poorly understood. Methylphenidate alone induces gene regulation that mimics partly effects of cocaine, consistent with some addiction liability. We previously showed that the SSRI fluoxetine potentiates methylphenidate-induced gene regulation in the striatum. The present study investigated which striatal output pathways are affected by the methylphenidate + fluoxetine combination, by assessing effects on pathway-specific neuropeptide markers. Results demonstrate that fluoxetine (5 mg/kg) potentiates methylphenidate (5 mg/kg)-induced expression of substance P and dynorphin, markers for direct pathway neurons. In contrast, no drug effects on the indirect pathway marker enkephalin were found. Because methylphenidate alone has minimal effects on dynorphin, the potentiation of dynorphin induction represents a more cocaine-like effect for the drug combination. On the other hand, the lack of an effect on enkephalin suggests a greater selectivity for the direct pathway compared with psychostimulants such as cocaine. Overall, the fluoxetine potentiation of gene regulation by methylphenidate occurs preferentially in sensorimotor striatal circuits, similar to other addictive psychostimulants. These results suggest that SSRIs may enhance the addiction liability of methylphenidate.
Cell cycle kinetics after X-irradiation were studied in a solid rat rhabdomyosarcoma using a monoclonal antibody to bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) in cells in which the DNA was labeled by BrdUrd. It could be shown that this tumor was composed of about 80% diploid host cells, and only 20% of the cells in the dissociated tumor were actually tetraploid tumor cells. When rats were injected intraperitoneally with BrdUrd to label S-phase cells in the tumor, only a fraction of both tqpes of cells became labeled with BrdUrd during Sphase, even 24 h after injection. The diploid BrdUrd-labeled cells progressed rapidly into cycle; 4 h after injection of BrdUrd, labeled diploid G1-phase cells could be observed. Only 25% of the tetraploid S-phase cells could be labeled by a single injection of BrdUrd (160 mgkg body weight). These labeled tetraploid cells progressed through the cell cycle with similar velocities as did labeled diploid cells. Using a "Mini Osmotic Pump" containing bromodeoxycytidine (BrdCyd) at high concentration (0.3 mol/L) that released BrdCyd continuously into the organism where it was converted to BrdUrd, it could be shown that after 2 days about 60% of cells in S-phase and 70% of cells in G2-phase were labeled. The fraction of labeled G2-phase cells in irradiated tumors (D = 10 and 20 Gy) was enhanced between 10 and 50 h after irradiation due to a radiation-induced G2 block in cycling tetraploid tumor cells. No effect of irradiation on incorporation of BrdUrd in S-phase could be observed in the continuous labeling experiments in contrast to the pulse labeling with RrdUrd, where a small retardation of DNA synthesis was observed in the irradiated tumors during the first 15 h after irradiation. When dissociated cells of the tumor were plated in medium containing 20 pmol/L BrdUrd, only the tetraploid tumor cells were able to incorporate BrdUrd and to enter cycle.Key terms: Tumor cell cycle kinetics, flow cytometry, monoclonal antibody to BrdUrd, X-ray irradiation, continuous labeling with bromodeoxycytidineThe response of a rat rhabdomyosarcoma system to irradiation with heavy charged particles and X-rays has been extensively investigated previously with experiments conducted both in vivo and in vitro (5)(6)(7)(22)(23)(24). The radiobiological end-points studied included tumor volume response (22,231, cell survival after tumor irradiation in situ (24), and survival of oxic and hypoxic cells irradiated and assayed in vitro (7). It is known that the redistribution of cells within the cell cycle after irradiation is a n important factor affecting the speed of tumor regrowth. Therefore, measurement of the movement of both the total and the clonogenic population of tumor cells in vivo through the cell cycle as a function of time after irradiation is of special interest in this context. Blocks at certain stages of the cycle, recruitment of resting cells into the proliferating component, and variations in the length of the G1-, S-and G2-phases are important effects induced in the tumor by irradiation. The knowledge of s...
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