The global goat population continues to grow and is now over one billion. The number of goats raised primarily for milk production is also growing, due to expanding demand. Most of the world dairy goat production and consumption is in Asia, but a global view of the dairy goat sector reveals important lessons about building successful modern dairy goat industries. The most organized market for goat milk is found in Europe, especially in France. The European goat sector is specialized for milk production, mostly for industrial cheesemaking, while also supporting traditional on-farm manufacturing. Government involvement is significant in sanitary regulation, research, extension, support for local producer organizations, and markets, and ensures safety and quality. Nonetheless, producers are still vulnerable to market fluctuations. New dairy goat industries are developing in countries without a long goat milk tradition, such as China, the United States, and New Zealand, due to rising consumer demand, strong prices, and climate change. The mix of policies, management and markets varies widely, but regardless of the country, the dairy goat sector thrives when producers have access to markets, and the tools and skills to sustainably manage their livestock and natural resources. These are most readily achieved through strong and inclusive producer organizations, access to technical services, and policies that enable the poor and marginalized groups to benefit from increasing demand.

A substantial body of evidence has confirmed human papillomavirus (HPV) infection as an etiologic agent in human cervical cancer. To evaluate the association between HPV and cervical cancer in Chinese women, we examined tumor specimens from women who lived in Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Biopsies from 40 women, diagnosed with either squamous-cell carcinoma (n = 35) or adenocarcinoma (n = 5) were tested for HPV DNA by PCR. The HPV types present in tumors were determined either by hybridization of PCR products with HPV type-specific probes or by PCR-based sequencing. A total of 35 of the 40 cervical cancer specimens (87.5%) contained HPV DNA. The following distribution and types were detected: 7.5% HPV 16, 10% HPV 18, 20% HPVs 16 and 18, 15% HPV 52, 15% HPV 58, 12.5% HPVs 52 and 58 and 7.5% unclassified HPVs. In this population of Chinese women with cervical cancer, HPV 52 and 58 were as prevalent as the "high-risk" (for cervical cancer) viruses HPVs 16 and 18.

To study the association of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection with anal cancer, we examined tissue specimens from 126 patients with malignant lesions of the anal skin or mucosa. The patients were enrolled in a population-based, case-control study of ano-rectal cancer which is being conducted in the state of Washington and the Province of British Columbia. Histologic sections from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues were tested for the presence of HPV DNA by in situ hybridization with biotin-labelled HPV 6, 11, 16, 18 and 31 DNA probes. HPV DNA sequences were found in tumor tissues from 24 of the 126 subjects (19.0%). When only squamous neoplasms are considered, 23 of 70 subjects (32.9%) had lesions which contained detectable HPV DNA. One HPV-positive patient had a cloacogenic carcinoma that contained regions of squamous differentiation and it was in these squamous cells that HPV DNA was localized. Of the 23 squamous lesions that harbored detectable HPV DNA, 8 contained HPV 6, 10 contained HPV 16, 1 contained HPV 18 and 4 contained an unclassified virus type(s). HPV DNA was found in tissues from 14 patients with carcinoma-in situ and 10 subjects with invasive carcinoma. These results demonstrate that some malignant tumors of the anus, in both men and women, are associated with HPV infection. We conclude that the anal squamous epithelium is another site where infection with the common genital tract HPVs may carry a risk of malignant transformation.

Dairy goat production continues to be a socially, economically and culturally important part of the livestock industry in North, Central and South America and the Caribbean islands. Goat milk, cheese and other dairy products offer consumers food products with nutritional, health and environmental benefits. In North America, Mexico produces the greatest volume of goat milk, but most is for family or local consumption that is typical of a mixed farming system adopted by subsistence farmers in dry areas. The United States is not yet a large global goat milk producer, but the sector has expanded rapidly, with dairy goat numbers doubling between 1997 and 2012. The number of dairy goats has also increased dramatically in Canada. Commercial farms are increasingly important, driven by rising demand for good quality and locally sourced goat cheese. In South America, Brazil has the most developed dairy goat industry that includes government assistance to small-scale producers and low-income households. As of 2017, FAO identified Haiti, Peru, Jamaica, and Bolivia as having important goat milk production in the Western Hemisphere. For subsistence goat producers in the Americas on marginal land without prior history of chemical usage, organic dairy goat production can be a viable alternative for income generation, with sufficient transportation, sanitation and marketing initiatives. Production efficiency, greenhouse gas emission, waste disposal, and animal welfare are important challenges for dairy goat producers in the Americas.

The possible etiological role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in esophageal carcinogenesis was evaluated in Alaska Natives in whom the incidence of esophageal cancer is 1.3 and 3.8 times higher than in US Caucasian men and women, respectively.