Erythrocytic nuclear alterations have been considered as an indicative of organism’s exposure to genotoxic agents. Due to their close relationship among their frequencies and DNA damages, they are considered excellent markers of exposure in eukaryotes. However, poor data has been found in literature concerning their genesis, differential occurrence and their life span. In this study, we use markers of cell viability; genotoxicity and cellular turn over in order to shed light to these events. Tilapia and their blood were exposed to cadmium in acute exposure and in vitro assays. They were analyzed using flow cytometry for oxidative stress and membrane disruption, optical microscopy for erythrocytic nuclear alteration, graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for cadmium content in aquaria water, blood and cytochemical and analytical electron microscopy techniques for the hemocateretic aspects. The results showed a close relationship among the total nuclear alterations and cadmium content in the total blood and melanomacrophage centres area, mismatching reactive oxygen species and membrane damages. Moreover, nuclear alterations frequencies (vacuolated, condensed and blebbed) showed to be associated to cadmium exposure whereas others (lobed and bud) were associated to depuration period. Decrease on nuclear alterations frequencies was also associated with hemosiderin increase inside spleen and head kidney macrophages mainly during depurative processes. These data disclosure in temporal fashion the main processes that drive the nuclear alterations frequencies and their relationship with some cellular and systemic biomarkers.
Nontoxic NPC containing Sb(v) boosts the infected macrophage recovery.
Much of the energy produced in Brazil comes from renewable sources. However, non-renewable energy are being used, especially oil, whose reserves are finite. An alternative fuel to diesel is biodiesel, a biofuel produced from renewable and recycled sources such as waste cooking oils and fats that emit fewer pollutants than petroleum-based fuels. The aim of this study was to survey, using questionnaires, the availability of waste cooking oils and fats from restaurants, snack bars, bakeries and industries in Itabira-MG, to evaluate and discuss the potential of biodiesel production according to supply, profitability and logistics aspects. Data on all establishments that have permits to operate were obtained from the City council and those located in central areas of the city were chosen for the survey. The results indicated that there is not a sufficient amount of waste cooking oils and fats to produce biodiesel in a large scale. The simulation done with the cost of biofuel production, however, showed that the values are compatible to the consumer market. Moreover, a concern that was raised was the donation of waste cooking oil to needy people of the city, a destination dangerous to their health Grande parte da energia produzida no Brasil provém de fontes renováveis. Porém, as energias não-renováveis são mais utilizadas, em especial o petróleo, cujas reservas são finitas. Uma alternativa para substituição do diesel é o biodiesel, biocombustível produzido por fontes renováveis ou recicladas, como óleos e gorduras residuais, OGRs, que geram menos poluentes que os combustíveis derivados do petróleo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar, por meio de questionário, a geração de OGRs pelos estabelecimentos comerciais da cidade de Itabira-MG, de forma a avaliar e discutir a potencialidade de produção de biodiesel na localidade em função da oferta de OGRs, retorno financeiro e fatores logísticos. Para isso, na Prefeitura de Itabira foram levantados dados de todos os estabelecimentos que possuem alvará de funcionamento, escolhendo-se os que estão localizados em áreas centrais da cidade. Verificou-se a geração de quantidades insuficientes de óleo de soja e de gordura hidrogenada residuais, inviabilizando no momento a produção de biodiesel em grande escala. Contudo, em relação à simulação feita com os custos de produção do biocombustível, os valores encontrados são compatíveis aos do mercado consumidor. Além disso, um dado preocupante levantado foi a doação dos óleos de soja residuais para a reutilização por pessoas carentes da cidade, um destino perigoso à saúde dessas pessoas.Palavras-chave: Biocombustível, disponibilidade, viabilidade.
The high incidence of melanoma has received significant attention. Despite advances in early detection and standard treatment options, new strategies that improve therapy with reduced side effects are highly desirable. Several studies have demonstrated the efficiency of doxorubicin (Dox) to treat melanoma, however, side effects limit its clinical use. Drug delivery systems, especially nanostructured ones, are a useful approach to enhance antitumor activity and reduce the toxicity of drugs. Here, we report the use of calcium phosphate nanoparticles functionalized with Dox and hyaluronic acid (N-Dox) to enhance Dox antiproliferative activity. The effects were accessed in A-375 melanoma cells, in which N-Dox significantly decreased IC50 over 48 hours (0.142 ± 0.07) compared to the free drug (0.44 ± 0.25). Treatment triggered DNA damage, increased nuclear area, and senescent phenotype. Furthermore, it did not form colonies after 14 days of incubation preceded by short exposure treatment. These preliminary results indicate that N-Dox hold promise for melanoma treatment, reducing the minimum effective dose and perhaps a reduction in the cost of treatment.
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