In this article, comparisons are made of several spatial econometric approaches to estimation of multiequation models of small region development applied to rural community growth. Spatial extensions of the Carlino and Mills’s 1987 and Boarnet’s 1994 models are estimated to analyze the spread of population and employment into 3,500 rural communes in six French regions. Results are compared for the Henry, Barkley, and Bao’s 1997 extension of the Boarnet model, the Carlino-Mills and Boarnet models, and three spatial autoregressive models suggested by Rey and Boarnet in 1998. Tests for spread and backwash effects in the spatial autoregressive model, and the Carlino-Mills and Boarnet models, with spatial autoregressive terms added, indicate that population growth spreads to rural communities from nearby areas but that evidence on employment spread is less robust. The Henry et al. modification to Boarnet adds insight into how urban growth affects proximate rural areas by decomposing the spatial cross-regressive term into rural area, urban core, and urban fringe effects.
Courtney P., Lépicier D. and Schmitt B. Spatial patterns of production linkages in the context of Europe's small towns: how are rural firms linked to the local economy?, Regional Studies. Small towns have received increasing attention from policy-makers aiming to stimulate rural development through territorial approaches. However, it cannot be assumed that fostering local business growth will help generate local economic development either through economies of agglomeration or through spillover effects into surrounding locales. The paper examines the spatial economic behaviour of firms located in and around 30 towns across five European countries. It tests a number of hypotheses regarding the influence of various characteristics on the strength of local economic integration: organizational characteristics, local contextual characteristics, and characteristics of the potential links between the firm and local markets. Findings reveal that the more ‘traditional’ and less productive rural firms exhibit stronger ties to their locality and the size of the local intermediate goods market influences the extent to which firms source locally. Differences in terms of country, area and town size highlight the importance of local contexts in explaining patterns of spatial economic behaviour. Courtney P., Lépicier D. et Schmitt B. Les relations économiques inter-enterprises dans les petites villes européennes: quelle est l'intégration économique locale des firms rurales?, Regional Studies. La question du rôle des bourgs et petites villes dans le développement rural est souvent placée au coeur de certaines politiques territoriales. On peut cependant se demander si la stimulation de la croissance de l'activité économique locale se traduit toujours par un regain de croissance économique locale à travers le jeu des économies d'agglomération ou au travers d'effets de spillovers locaux. Le présent article examine le comportement économique spatial de firmes localisées dans 30 petites villes et leur territoire d'influence de 5 pays européens. Les hypothèses testées relèvent de trois registres permettant d'expliquer l'intensité du degré d'intégration économique locale des achats d'inputs et des ventes d'outputs des firmes. On examine donc conjointement le rôle des caractéristiques individuelles des firmes et des entrepreneurs, celui des caractéristiques du contexte local dans lequel sont insérées les firmes et, celui de la nature des liens que la firme peut nouer avec son environnement économique local au travers des marchés locaux de biens intermédiaires, finaux et du travail. On montre ainsi que les entreprises rurales les plus ‘traditionnelles’ et les moins productives développent un comportement très localement centré, c'est-à-dire concentrent leurs liens économiques tant de ventes que d'achats sur les territoires étudiés. De même, la taille du marché local de biens intermédiaires nécessaires au fonctionnement de l'entreprise influence fortement son degré d'intégration économique locale. Enfin, les différences entre pays, taille ...
A modification of the Boamet model of local economic change is developed that links the growth of urban nodes in functional economic regions to employment and population change in the rural hinterlands of these regions. The two-equation model uses labor market and residential zone observations that are consistent with commuter fields around each rural community in the regions studied. The model parameters are estimated for 204 Danish rural municipalities, for 3515 rural communes in six regions of Eastern France, and for 268 rural census tracts in South Carolina. Results indicate that urban nodal spread effects are often significant and tend to dominate urban backwash impacts on rural communities. Accordingly, rural communities need to be concerned with the economic fortunes of their urban nodes and with policies that affect the pattern of urban growth between urban center and the urban fringe.
The well-known increase in the geographical concentration of hog production suggests the presence of agglomeration economies related to spatial spillovers and inter-dependencies among industries. In this paper, we examine whether the restrictions on land application of manure may weaken productivity gains arising from the agglomeration process. We develop a model of production showing the ambiguous spatial effect of land availability and the restriction on the manure application rate. Indeed, while the regulation of manure application triggers dispersion when manure is applied to land as a crop nutrient, it also prompts farmer to adopt manure treatment that favors agglomeration of hog production. Estimations of a reduced form of the spatial model with a spatial HAC procedure applied to data for French hog production for 1988 and 2000 confirm the ambiguous effect of land limitations induced by the restrictions on manure application. It does not prevent spatial concentration of hog production, and even boosts the role played by spatial spillovers in the agglomeration process.
In this study we analyse the determinants of pig production location in Denmark with a particular focus on positive and negative agglomeration externalities. Based on the theory of agglomeration and a discussion of the organization of the Danish pig production sector, a model of pig production is developed and tested empirically, applying the FG2SLS approach. Our results show that technical and pecuniary externalities have a positive effect on location, while the impact of environmental regulations is ambiguous. Indeed, the results show that urbanization economies are more important than the negative impact of land competition at the local level, but that neighbouring land competition implied by environmental regulations seems to have a negative effect on location. Externalités d'agglomérations positives et négatives: arbitrage dans le secteur de la production porcine Résumé Dans la présente étude, nous analysons les déterminants de la localisation de la production porcine au Danemark, en insistant tout particulièrement sur les externalités d'agglomération positives et négatives. Nous créons un modèle pour la production porcine, sur la base de la théorie de l'agglomération et de discussions sur l'organisation du secteur de la production porcine au Danemark, et nous le testons de façon empirique, en appliquant la méthode FG2SLS. Nos résultats indiquent que les externalités techniques et pécuniaires ont un effet positif sur la localisation , alors que l'impact des rėglementations environnementales est ambigu. Externalidades de la aglomeración positiva y negativa: arbitraje en el sector porcino Extracto En este estudio analizamos los determinantes de la ubicación de la producción de cerdos en Dinamarca con un enfoque particular en las externalidades de la aglomeración positiva y negativa. Basado en la teoría de la aglomeración y en una discusión sobre la organización del sector de la producción de cerdos danesa, se desarrolla y ensaya empíricamente un modelo de producción de cerdos, aplicando el planteamiento FG2SLS. Nuestros resultados muestran que las externalidades técnicas y pecuniarias tienen un efecto positivo sobre la ubicación, mientras que el impacto de las normativas medioambientales es ambiguo.Agglomeration externalities, spatial econometrics, environmental regulations, C13, R30, R15, Q11,
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