This study is focused on the streamer-to-spark transition generated by an overvoltage nanosecond pulsed discharge under atmospheric pressure air in order to provide a quantitative insight into plasma-assisted ignition. The discharge is generated in atmospheric pressure air by the application of a positive high voltage pulse of 35 kV to pin-to-pin electrodes and a rise time of 5 ns. The generated discharge consists of a streamer phase with high voltage and high current followed by a spark phase characterized by a low voltage and a decreasing current in several hundreds of nanosecond. During the streamer phase, the gas temperature measured by optical emission spectroscopy related to the second positive system of nitrogen shows an ultra-fast gas heating up to 1200 K at 15 ns after the current rise. This ultra-fast gas heating, due to the quenching of electronically excited species by oxygen molecules, is followed by a quick dissociation of molecules and then the discharge transition to a spark. At this transition, the discharge contracts toward the channel axis and evolves into a highly conducting thin column. The spark phase is characterized by a high degree of ionization of nitrogen and oxygen atoms shown by the electron number density and temperature measured from optical emission spectroscopy measurements of N + lines. Schlieren imaging and optical emission spectroscopy techniques provide the time evolution of the spark radius, from which the initial pressure in the spark is estimated. The expansion of the plasma is adiabatic in the early phase. The electronic temperature and density during this phase allows the determination of the isentropic coefficient. The value around 1.2-1.3 is coherent with the high ionization rate of the plasma in the early phase. The results obtained in this study provide a database and the initial conditions for the validation of numerical simulations of the ignition by plasma discharge.
Kosiwczuk, W Cessou, A Trinite, M Lecordier, BThis paper describes a novel derivative of the PIV method for measuring the velocity fields of droplets and gas phases simultaneously using fluorescence images rather than Mie scattering images. Two-phase PIV allows the simultaneous and independent velocity field measurement of the liquid phase droplets and ambient gas in the case of two-phase flow mixing. For phase discrimination, each phase is labelled by a different fluorescent dye: the gas phase is seeded with small liquid droplets, tagged by an efficient fluorescent dye while the droplets of the liquid phases are tagged by a different fluorescent dye. For each phase, the wavelength shift of fluorescence is used to separate fluorescence from Mie scattering and to distinguish between the fluorescence of each phase. With the use of two cross-correlation PIV cameras and adequate optical filters, we obtain two double frame images, one for each phase. Thus standard PIV or PTV algorithms are used to obtain the simultaneous and independent velocity fields of the two phases. Because the two-phase PIV technique relies on the ability to produce two simultaneous and independent images of the two phases, the choice of the labelling dyes and of the associated optical filter sets is relevant for the image acquisition. Thus a spectroscopic study has been carried out to choose the optimal fluorescent dyes and the associated optical filters. The method has been evaluated in a simple two-phase flow: droplets of 30-40 mu m diameter, produced by an ultrasonic nozzle are injected into a gas coflow seeded with small particles. Some initial results have been obtained which demonstrate the potential of the method
An original method, based on the direct numerical simulation (DNS)
of two phase flows, is proposed to evaluate the capability for the PIV
algorithms to measure turbulence properties. 3D particle fields are produced
from the DNS and are used to generate synthetic images with well-defined flow
properties. The imposed velocities in the synthetic images are evaluated thanks
to different PIV algorithms and these results can be compared with the initial
conditions of simulation.
The first part of the present paper describes the synthetic image generator
and the DNS of two phase flows. The second part is focused on the analysis of
synthetic images of homogeneous turbulence by using two different PIV
algorithms: a conventional PIV algorithm and a `sub-pixel' iterative approach.
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