The attenuated total reflectance infrared (ATR-IR) spectra of several aqueous solutions have been measured by using a newly developed heatable rod-type ATR cell. The OH stretching bands showed systematic change with increasing solute concentrations and these changes can be explained by four different OH components based on curve-fitting results. NaCl solutions show longer H-bond distance character, while carbonate solutions present shorter ones. The Na2CO3 1 M solution conserves this shorter H-bond nature up to 100 degrees C. On the other hand, the loose nature of NaCl solutions becomes less pronounced at higher temperatures because of the dissociation of pure water clusters. These in situ observations of water structures are generally in agreement with the expected nature of fluids within the earth.

This paper shows how physical ageing and plasticization processes are coupled in an amine-based epoxy. The study combines several ageing conditions including thermal ageing in the dry state (from 40 to 60 °C), ageing in a humid environment (RH 50% and RH 75%) as well as immersion in seawater at several temperatures from 15 to 40 °C. First results are presented to highlight that the two processes (physical ageing and plasticization) both occur when the epoxy is immersed in water. A step-by-step approach is then used to evaluate how the plasticization process induced by the presence of water is affected by physical ageing and vice versa. It appears that the plasticization process, which leads to a large decrease in maximum stress under tensile loading, is not affected by physical ageing of the epoxy. The physical ageing mechanism is not affected by the presence of water in the polymer, i.e. the same increase in maximum tensile stress (26 MPa) is observed in air and in water. However, the kinetic rate of physical ageing is much faster in water due to the plasticization of the polymer. These effects must be considered when accelerated aging methods are applied. Highlights ► Plasticization process induced by water absorption is not greatly affected by physical ageing. ► Physical ageing process occurs in both dry and humid environments. ► Physical ageing is much faster in the presence of water (by a factor of 10).

Carbon fiber reinforced composite materials are finding new applications in highly loaded marine structures such as tidal turbine blades and marine propellers. Such applications require long-term damage resistance while being subjected to continuous seawater immersion. However, few data exist on which to base material selection and design. This paper provides a set of results from interlaminar fracture tests on specimens before and after seawater ageing. The focus is on delamination as this is the main failure mechanism for laminated composites under out-of-plane loading. Results show that there are two contributions to changes in fracture toughness during an accelerated wet ageing program: effects due to water and effects due to physical ageing. These are identified and it is shown that this composite retains over 70% of its initial fracture properties even for the worst case examined.

Abstract. Composite propellers are a major new development in the marine transport industry. The use of composite materials in seawater turbines is also of great interest to the marine renewable energy industry. Those systems present similarities being both constantly immersed in seawater, under fatigue loadings, of large dimensions, and they are often designed using Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP). Previous studies have shown sensitivity of some composite materials to the seawater environment mainly in the quasi-static loading domain. However, investigations now need to be performed on the behaviour of CFRP under seawater environment and fatigue loadings. In this study, CFRP samples were aged in natural seawater until saturation, in order to investigate the influence of water absorption on the fatigue properties of the material. Results showed a small decrease in fatigue lifetime under tension but a more significant drop for sample subjected to four point flexural fatigue.