Cannabis use has been associated with several psychiatric comorbidities and there appears to be a doseresponse relationship between the intensity and duration of its use and the risk of psychosis. More commonly, acute episodes of cannabis induced-psychosis manifest immediately following exposure, are precipitated after the use of large amounts of cannabis, resolve with abstinence, and are of shorter duration than those observed with primary psychotic disorders.Cannabis withdrawal symptoms usually manifest when heavy, prolonged consumption of this substance is interrupted or significantly reduced. The withdrawal syndrome may include sympathetic autonomic hyperactivity, irritability, anxiety, sleep disturbance, and reduced appetite. On the other hand, cases of psychosis induced by cannabis withdrawal are rare.In this case, we present a 32-year-old healthy woman without personal or family psychiatric history who showed a heavy and continued consumption of cannabis since she was 10 years old, without developing any psychiatric symptoms. However, recently she experienced two brief psychotic episodes with disorganized behavior and persecutory delusions, both episodes happening a week after discontinuing cannabis consumption.
Introduction About a decade ago, the idea of a Late-Onset Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (LO-PTSD) emerged, in order to characterize the later-life emergence of symptoms related to early-life warzone trauma among aging combat Veterans. Objectives This paper provides a review of the changes happened during the onset of a late form of PTSD and how can mental health professionals intervene. Methods Review of the literature from 2015 to present, using search engines such as Pubmed and Google Schoolar, using the following keywords: Late-Onset Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, triggers, prevention, intervention Results At first, there was hypothesized that aging-related challenges (role transition and loss, death of family members and friends, physical and cognitive decline) might lead to increased reminiscence, and possibly distress, among Veterans who had previously dealt successfully with earlier traumatic events. However, recent studies have proposed that in later life many combat Veterans confront and rework their wartime memories in an effort to find meaning and build coherence. Through reminiscence, life review, and wrestling with issues such as integrity versus despair, they intentionally reengage with experiences they avoided or managed successfully earlier in life, perhaps without resolution or integration. This process can lead positively to personal growth or negatively to increased symptomatology. Conclusions Therefore the role of preventive intervention in enhancing positive outcomes for Veterans who reengage with their wartime memories in later life should be reconsidered. Disclosure No significant relationships.
Introduction Adults diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) likely have a history of psychological trauma. There has been research about the connection between Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (c-PTSD) and BPD. Objectives This paper provides a review of the relationship between complex trauma and key features of BPD. Methods Review of the literature from 2015 to present, using search engines such as Pubmed and Google Shoolar, using the following keywords: borderline personality disorder, complex post-traumatic stress disorder, trauma Results Traumatic victimisation and compromised primary caregiving relationships have been hypothesized to be key aetiological factors in the subsequent development of BPD. c-PTSD was defined as a syndrome with symptoms of emotional dysregulation, dissociation somatisation and poor self-esteem, with distorted cognition about relationships, following traumatic interpersonal abuse. It was proposed as an alternative for understanding and treating people who had suffered prolonged and severe interpersonal trauma, many of whom were diagnosed with BPD. Although, the boundaries between c-PTSD and BPD remain vague. Currently, the main difference is the assumption that symptoms of c-PTSD are sequelae of exposure to traumatic stress, which is not inherent in the current DSM-5 definition of BPD. Furthermore, to date, the neurochemistry and neurostructural changes seen in c-PTSD, BPD and PTSD do not clearly differentiate the three conditions. Conclusions BPD and PTSD are relatively distinct with regard to the precise qualitative definitions of their diagnostic features, but nevertheless have substantial potential overlap in their symptom criteria. Disclosure No significant relationships.
To conduct a review of the existing literature regarding the established treatments for female sexual dysfunctions (FSD) and the novel pharmacological approaches that have been studied as well its clinical effectiveness.
IntroductionGenital pain is a heterogeneous chronic pain condition and the relationship between biological, psychological and social factors sets a complex clinical challenge. The importance of negative thoughts and emotions has opened up an opportunity for the role of third generation cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBT). While the majority of evidence revolves around female sexual desire and arousal problems, research on genital pain disorders is beginning to take shape.ObjectivesTo review the evidence of third generation CBT on genital pain disorder.MethodsReview of literature using the Pubmed platform.ResultsWe identified 21 publications. Evidence shows that mindfulness-based CBT (MbCBT) improves reduction of fear linked to sexual activity, pain acceptance, catastrophizing and decentering. MbCBT shows significant improvements on secondary outcomes (overall sexual function, sexual satisfaction, depression and anxiety) while reduction of genital pain has yielded contradictory results. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) has been studied for chronic pain disorders with improvements on pain acceptance, psychological flexibility, anxiety, depression and functioning. Compassion-focused therapy (CFT) has yielded favorable results on pain distress and intensity, self-efficacy, self-acceptance, anxiety and depression. Self-compassion may be a promising protective factor in genital pain. Both ACT and CFT have not yet been studied specifically for genital pain.ConclusionsThird generation CBT are most commonly used for depressive, anxiety and chronic pain disorders which signals the logical role that these interventions may have in genital pain. While MbCBT has started to present favorable results in treating genital pain (as well other sexual problems), ACT and CFT require more research.
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