This exploratory and cross-sectional study aimed to identify the prevalence of bullying in a group of students and analyze the data regarding the gender of those involved in the violence. A questionnaire adapted from Olweus was applied in seven elementary education schools in Portugal. The sample consisted of 387 students between 7 and 14 years old. Data are presented in terms of descriptive statistics and differences between proportions were analyzed using chi-square tests. The gender analysis of victimization and aggression shows that boys and girls are both victims and aggressors, and there are significant differences in involvement in bullying between genders and the roles played. Boys are victims more often when considering different types of bullying, although significant differences were only found for physical aggression. Strategies that include gender roles are a priority for prevention and careful attention to this phenomenon in the school context. The questions addressed contribute to a broader understanding of the phenomenon, emphasizing the differential participation of boys and girls in bullying.
Neural networks are capable of modeling any complex function and can be used in the poultry and animal production areas. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of using neural networks on an egg production data set and fitting models to the egg production curve by applying 2 approaches, one using a nonlinear logistic model and the other using 2 artificial neural network models [multilayer perceptron (MLP) and radial basis function]. Two data sets from 2 generations of a White Leghorn strain that had been selected mainly for egg production were used. In the first data set, the mean weekly egg-laying rate was ascertained over a 54-wk egg production period. This data set was used to adjust and test the logistic model and to train and test the neural networks. The second data set, covering 52 wk of egg production, was used to validate the models. The mean absolute deviation, mean square error, and R(2) were used to evaluate the fit of the models. The MLP neural network had the best fit in the test and validation phases. The advantage of using neural networks is that they can be fitted to any kind of data set and do not require model assumptions such as those required in the nonlinear methodology. The results confirm that MLP neural networks can be used as an alternative tool to fit to egg production. The benefits of the MLP are the great flexibility and their lack of a priori assumptions when estimating a noisy nonlinear model.
The objectives of this study were to estimate genetic parameters for accumulated egg production over 3-wk periods and for total egg production over 54 wk of egg-laying, and using principal component analysis (PCA), to explore the relationships among the breeding values of these traits to identify the possible genetic relationships present among them and hence to observe which of them could be used as selection criteria for improving egg production. Egg production was measured among 1,512 females of a line of White Leghorn laying hens. The traits analyzed were the number of eggs produced over partial periods of 3 wk, thus totaling 18 partial periods (P1 to P18), and the total number of eggs produced over the period between the 17 and 70 wk of age (PTOT), thus totaling 54 wk of egg production. Estimates of genetic parameters were obtained by means of the restricted maximum likelihood method, using 2-trait animal models. The PCA was done using the breeding values of partial and total egg production. The heritability estimates ranged from 0.05 ± 0.03 (P1 and P8) to 0.27 ± 0.06 (P4) in the 2-trait analysis. The genetic correlations between PTOT and partial periods ranged from 0.19 ± 0.31 (P1) to 1.00 ± 0.05 (P10, P11, and P12). Despite the high genetic correlation, selection of birds based on P10, P11, and P12 did not result in an increase in PTOT because of the low heritability estimates for these periods (0.06 ± 0.03, 0.12 ± 0.04, and 0.10 ± 0.04, respectively). The PCA showed that egg production can be divided genetically into 4 periods, and that P1 and P2 are independent and have little genetic association with the other periods.
The objective of this study was to fit growth curves using nonlinear and linear functions to describe the growth of ostriches in a Brazilian population. The data set consisted of 112 animals with BW measurements from hatching to 383 d of age. Two nonlinear growth functions (Gompertz and logistic) and a third-order polynomial function were applied. The parameters for the models were estimated using the least-squares method and Gauss-Newton algorithm. The goodness-of-fit of the models was assessed using R(2) and the Akaike information criterion. The R(2) calculated for the logistic growth model was 0.945 for hens and 0.928 for cockerels and for the Gompertz growth model, 0.938 for hens and 0.924 for cockerels. The third-order polynomial fit gave R(2) of 0.938 for hens and 0.924 for cockerels. Among the Akaike information criterion calculations, the logistic growth model presented the lowest values in this study, both for hens and for cockerels. Nonlinear models are more appropriate for describing the sigmoid nature of ostrich growth.
ABSTRACT. Studies estimating genetic parameters for reproductive traits in chickens can be useful for understanding and improvement of their genetic architecture. A total of 1276 observations of fertility (FERT), hatchability of fertile eggs (HFE) and hatchability of total eggs (HTE) were used to estimate the genetic and phenotypic parameters of 467 females from an F2 population generated by reciprocal crossing between a broiler line and a layer line, which were developed through a poultry genetics breeding program, maintained by Embrapa Swine and Poultry, Concordia, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Estimates of heritability and genetic and phenotypic correlations were obtained using restricted maximum likelihood calculations under the two-trait animal model, including the fixed effect of group (hatching of birds from the same genetic group) and the random additive genetic and residual effects. The mean percentages for FERT, HFE and HTE were 87.91 ± 19.77, 80.07 ± 26.81 and 70.67 ± 28.55%, respectively. The highest heritability estimate (h 2 ) was 0.28 ± 0.04 for HTE. Genetic correlations for FERT with HFE (0.43 ± 0.17), HFE with HTE (0.98 ± 0.02) and FERT with HTE (0.69 ± 0.10) were positive and significant. Individuals with high breeding value for HTE would have high breeding values for HFE and FERT because of the high genetic association between them. These results suggest that HTE should be included as a selection criterion in genetic breeding programs to improve the reproductive performance of chickens, because HTE had the highest heritability estimate and high genetic correlation with FERT and HFE, and it is the easiest to measure.
Introduction: When people become ill they use strategies to solve their problem that include existing therapeutic resources in the community.Their choices are guided by the beliefs of local communities regarding the body, health and illness, and the therapeutic resources available. This study compares the uses of alternative and traditional treatments in a rural area and an urban area of the north of Portugal, investigating the differences and similarities in the behaviour of people when they become ill. Methods: This descriptive study provides interviews with two groups of adults, in a rural area (Alfândega da Fé and Miranda do Douro) and in an urban area (city of Porto), Portugal), with the aim of understanding the knowledge and uses of alternative and traditional therapists and treatments.Results: Approximately half of those in the urban area and almost all of those in the rural area knew of alternative therapists and treatments, the most known being bonesetters, acupuncturists and herbanárias (shops where people sell medicinal plants for teas) in the urban areas; and bonesetters, sorcerers (bruxos) and local healers (curandeiros) in rural areas. In relation to the use of these therapists and treatments, approximately 25% in the urban area and 75% in the rural area reported that they used such treatments. Bonesetters were the most used in both areas, followed by sorcerers and teas in the rural areas, and acupuncturists and teas in the urban areas. When asked about the reasons for using these therapists and treatments, the majority reported pain in the bones, muscle and joints, followed by psychological complaints in urban areas; and traditional diagnostics in rural areas for leaned souls (almas encostadas), fears or anxieties and visions etc. Most of the people who had used © B Nunes, M-J Sena Esteves , 2006. A licence to publish this material has been given to ARHEN http://rrh.deakin.edu.au/ 2 these treatments had not spoken to their family doctor about them because they believed 'doctors do not accept these medicines'. Approximately 80% in the two studied groups said they have been totally or partially satisfied with the treatments and the main reason was their effectiveness. The majority did not consider these treatments expensive. Conclusions: We found differences in the use of the alternative and traditional diagnostics and therapeutic resources in the urban and rural areas studied. However, we also found similarities between the two areas, such as the use of bonesetters to deal with problem of muscular and joint pains, and the use of teas.
63OPINIÃO E DEBATE para a 3ª Idade e/ou para doentes de evolução prolongada». 1 Este é o estado actual do debate sobre os Hospitais de Clínicos Gerais no nosso país posição que a autora não sustenta, pretendendo com este artigo acrescentar alguns argumentos para o debate, evitando que se deixem fechar estes hospitais por inércia ou por não reconhecimento da sua natureza e da importância das funções que podem desempenhar no S.N.S. VANTAGENS DOS HOSPITAIS DE CLÍNICOS GERAISEstes hospitais de uma forma geral são lugares familiares para os habitantes da comunidade que servem e são vistos um pouco como os «Cottage Hospital» ingleses que foram definidos por Albert Napper 2 como um «lugar idêntico ao da casa, diferindo apenas na limpeza, conforto, higiene e ausência de sobreocupação».Assim os doentes preferem de Recebido em 4/6/98 Aceite para publicação em 1/10/98Endereço para correspondência:
The author discusses the role of the Community Hospitals (C.H) in the Portuguese National Health Service and calls the attention to the absense of a policy concerning the present and future of these hospitals. We discuss some advantages of these hospitals and compare some Portuguese figures with other countries with similar facilities. Finally the author makes some suggestions concerning the future development of the Community Hospitals in Portugal.
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