This article focuses on the scores of incarcerated male felons on the MMPI clinical subscales 4 and 9 because they are the most frequently elevated for this type of population. Over time, while scores on Scale 4 remained consistent, those on Scale 9 declined significantly. That inmates might become depressed, as a result of the foibles of incarceration, is discussed.
Much of what is presented to clients in a biofeedback session is integrated only if learning occurs. Biofeedback is not effective if the learner does not understand the signals. Neurolinguistic programming suggests that individuals utilize primary representational systems, including vision and audition, to incorporate environmental stimuli into their own preestablished notions of the world. To test this, individuals were included in one of four treatment modalities: control group, visual feedback only group, auditory feedback only group, or visual/auditory feedback group. Groups were significantly different only in decay rate from peak temperatures. Sex differences indicated women consistently produced cooler hand temperatures than men. Visual feedback seemed to be the most effective type of feedback for persons in this experiment.
To perceive the three-dimensional rotation of a shadow figure, displacement and line length change are required. Without displacement, persons perceive a line lengthening and shortening on a two-dimensional plane. The present investigation attempted to create the kinetic depth effect without displacement by including auditory input. 48 persons were randomly assigned to two groups (line-length change with tone or line-length change without tone). The tone group received sound through headphones which oscillated in amplitude in synchrony with the shadow of a rotating "T" figure. The tone group perceived a three-dimensional figure in rotation significantly more often than did the non-tone group. These results suggest that the kinetic depth effect may be created by more than one combination of sensory input.
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