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Unawareness of deficit has been shown to affect the outcome of targeted cognitive intervention programmes applied to patients with Alzheimer' disease (AD), but the effects on multimodal therapeutic approaches have not yet been explored. This research investigated the efficacy of the Multi-Intervention Programme (MIP) approach on improving cognitive, functional, affective, and behavioural symptoms in people with mild AD. In addition, we examined whether the presence of unawareness influences the MIP outcomes. Sixty-one mild stage AD patients were randomly assigned to either an experimental group which carried out an MIP individually (48 sessions, 16 weeks duration), combining diverse cognitive tasks, training in daily life and recreational activities, or a waiting list group which did not receive any treatment for the same time period. The efficacy of MIP (vs. waiting list) was tested using various standardised neuropsychological, functional, and behavioural outcome measures. Planned analyses were carried out to determine the effect of unawareness versus awareness on such outcomes. The results showed that patients overall benefited from the MIP in terms of both cognitive and non-cognitive symptoms. AD patients with awareness of deficits showed positive effects on all outcome measures in comparison with the waiting list group, while AD patients with unawareness showed improvements in non-cognitive symptoms only. In conclusion, the presence of unawareness reduces the cognitive and functional effects of MIP in patients with mild AD.

The aim of this study was to investigate the predictors of burden for informal caregivers of patients with dementia. Based on a multidimensional approach of the optimism model proposed by Palenzuela, we assessed the moderating role of generalized expectancies of control (GEC) between caregiver stress and burden. A total of 130 patients with dementia and their main family caregivers were assessed from different rural areas of the province of Salamanca (Spain). Patients with dementia underwent a protocol to assess dementia stage, cognitive-functional impairment and behavioural symptoms. Meanwhile, the 20-item Battery of Generalized Expectancies of Control Scales of Palenzuela was completed by the family caregivers. Clinical variables of patients with dementia (progression and behavioural disorders) and GEC (success, self-efficacy, contingency, helplessness and luck) were considered as potential predictors of burden in the hierarchical regression analysis. The Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) Scale was used as an outcome measure. The results indicated that the clinical variables could not predict burden in caregivers significantly; however, beliefs in personal abilities (self-efficacy) and internal locus of control (contingency) explained up to 32% of the variance in the ZBI scores. Family caregivers with high expectancies of self-efficacy and contingency are less vulnerable to stress. This research supports a base for interventions with informal caregivers and further study.

There is currently a need to develop tools to identify patients with mild AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We determined the validity and reliability of a brief, easily administered cognitive screening battery consisting of fusion of two well-known brief tests (Mini-Mental Status Examination [MMSE] and Clock Drawing Test [CDT]) (Mini-clock) to differentiate between patients with mild AD, MCI, and healthy control subjects. 66 consecutive patients with mild AD, 21 with MCI, and 66 healthy controls seen in a memory clinic setting were compared. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to calculate the cut-off value permitting discrimination between mild AD, MCI, and healthy control subjects. Interrater and test-retest reliability were also assessed. Mean cognitive scores for patients with AD, MCI, and control subjects on all two individual tests were significantly different (for each, p < 0.001). The mean area under the ROC curve for Mini-clock was higher than that obtained with MMSE or CDT in differentiating mild AD from controls (0.973 vs. 0.952 and 0.881, respectively) and MCI from controls (0.855 vs. 0.821 and 0.779, respectively). Test-retest reliability for the Mini-clock was 0.99, meanwhile interrater reliability was 0.87. The mean time to complete the test for all subjects was 8 min and 50 s. The Mini-clock is highly sensitive and specific in the detection of mild AD and reasonably accurate when attempting to separate MCI from health controls. It has a high interrater and test-retest reliability, can be quickly administered, and does not require major training.

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This paper states the role of burden in abuse of PWD, while resilience and social support are abuse protective factors. These variables should be considered in future guidelines for the prevention of abuse against PWD.

Objective. We compared the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation at different cortical sites (premotor and motor primary cortex) combined with constraint-induced movement therapy for treatment of stroke patients. Design. Sixty patients were randomly distributed into 3 groups: Group A, anodal stimulation on premotor cortex and constraint-induced movement therapy; Group B, anodal stimulation on primary motor cortex and constraint-induced movement therapy; Group C, sham stimulation and constraint-induced movement therapy. Evaluations involved analysis of functional independence, motor recovery, spasticity, gross motor function, and muscle strength. Results. A significant improvement in primary outcome (functional independence) after treatment in the premotor group followed by primary motor group and sham group was observed. The same pattern of improvement was highlighted among all secondary outcome measures regarding the superior performance of the premotor group over primary motor and sham groups. Conclusions. Premotor cortex can contribute to motor function in patients with severe functional disabilities in early stages of stroke. This study was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov database (NCT 02628561).

We report the case of a 73-year-old male patient with Alzheimer's disease who underwent 10-daily transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) sessions. tDCS was applied over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex as an adjuvant to the traditional treatment that the patient was receiving, which consisted of anticholinergic medication and cognitive training. The data were qualitatively analyzed and are presented in an analytic and structured form. The effects on cognitive performance were evaluated using the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale as the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes were assessed with a set of tests consisting of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory, the Blessed Dementia Scale and the Disability Assessment for Dementia. The data obtained revealed that the application of tDCS had a stabilizing effect on overall patient cognitive function and led to improved performance on all the secondary outcome tests. These preliminary results indicate that tDCS is a potential adjuvant therapeutic tool for cognitive rehabilitation in Alzheimer's disease .