The GAP area faces salinity problems caused by irrigation. The region is situated in the arid and semi-arid climatic zone of Turkey. After the irrigation systems became operational, salinity and sodicity problems along with drainage problems increased. Salinity and also drainage problems relating to GAP are at present more a priority than irrigation. The research trend is to develop an appropriate approach to tackle the salinity problem in the region. In this study, salinity in GAP, particularly salinity problems related to the Sanliurfa-Harran Plain, was considered, and options for solution of the problem were discussed. Copyright # 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.key words: salinity; drainage; GAP; Turkey RÉ SUMÉ La zone GAP est confronté a des problèmes de salinité causés par l'irrigation. La région est placée dans la zone de climat aride et semi-aride de Turquie. Après mise en service des systèmes d'irrigation des problèmes de salinité et de sodicity ainsi que les problèmes de drainage ont augmenté. La salinité et aussi les problèmes de drainage dans le GAP sont à présente plus prioritaires que l'irrigation. La tendance de recherches est de développer une approche appropriées pour resoudre le problème de salinité dans la région. Dans cette étude, la problematique de la salinité dans le GAP, particulièrement les problèmes de la Plaine de Sanliurfa-Harran ont été évalués, et differents solution du problème ont été discutées.
Efforts to increase the amount of irrigation schemes transferred to irrigation associations (IAs) in Turkey have been motivated by the poor performance -in terms of cost recovery, equity, efficiency in operation and maintenance (O&M) and repairs -of many large irrigation schemes by government agencies, namely the State Hydraulic Works (DSI). The objective of this study is to assess the irrigation system performance of transferred irrigation schemes in the DSI Fifth Regional Directorate service area mainly for the year 2003 with benchmarking indicators.According to the findings of the study, relative water supply was recorded as 1.5-8.4 respectively. The financial performance indicators including cost recovery ratio, maintenance expenditure to revenue ratio, operating cost per unit area, total cost per person employed on water delivery, revenue collection performance and service area per personnel were found to be 1.0-10.6%, 0.7-12.5%, US$6.5-53.3 ha À1 , US$636.0-7045.9 per person, 78-95%, 67-13 000 ha per person, respectively. As regards productive performance, output per unit command area, output per unit irrigated area, output per unit irrigation supply and output per unit water consumed were determined as US$325.2-2745.1, US$1028.03-5070.9 ha À1 , US$0.2-0.7 m À3 and US$0.2-2.6 m À3 respectively. Water quality classes were found to be C 3 S 1 in all schemes. The results of the case study show that following the transfer of irrigation schemes to the user organizations, significant improvements are recorded in irrigation water fee collection rates and financial cost reduction in the systems operated by the IAs. Mixed results are observed in terms of irrigation ratios. While there are improvements in two irrigation schemes, there are evident increases in the water supply ratio in six other irrigation schemes. Management, operation and maintenance (MOM) costs in general and the maintenance costs per se have increased compared to the collected water fees in the case-study irrigation schemes. Copyright # 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.key words: Turkey; irrigation associations; water delivery performance; financial performance; productive performance de maintenance sur recettes 0.7-12.5%, les coûts d'exploitation par unité de surface 6.5-53.3 US$ ha À1 , le coût total par personne employée pour la distribution de l'eau 636.0-7045.9 US$/personne, le recouvrement des recettes de fonctionnements 78-95%, la surface de service par personne 67-13 000 ha/personne. En ce qui concerne la performance de production, ont été déterminés: la production par ha dominé 325.2-2745.1 US$ ha À1 , la production par ha irrigué 1028.0-5070.9 US$ ha À1 , la production par m 3 livré 0.2-0.7 US$ m À3 et la production par m 3 consommé 0.2-2.6 US$ m À3 . La classe de qualité de l'eau a été trouvé en C3S1 dans tous les périmètres. Les résultats de l'étude de cas montrent qu'à la suite du transfert aux associations d'irrigants, des améliorations significatives sont enregistrées dans les taux de recouvrement des redevances d'irrigation et d...
Özet: Seralar, bitki gelişimi için en uygun ortam koşulları sağlanarak üretim yapılan tesislerdir. Özellikle soğuk mevsimlerde bu optimum koşulların sağlanabilmesi için seraların ısıtılması zorunludur. Ancak ılıman bölgelerde bile ısıtma masrafları toplam üretim harcamaları içinde büyük bir paya sahiptir. Bu nedenle, ülkemizdeki seralarda düzenli bir ısıtma yapılmamakta sadece bitkileri dondan korumak amacıyla lokal ısıtma uygulanmaktadır. Düzenli ısıtma yapılmaması verim düşüklüğü, üretim çeşidinde sınırlama ve hormon kullanma zorunluluğu gibi problemleri beraberinde getirmektedir. Sera ısıtma harcamalarını ve giderek tükenmekte olan fosil enerji kaynaklarının kullanımını en aza indirmek için seralarda yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının kullanımına önem verilmesi zorunludur. Tarım sektöründe etkin olarak yararlanılabilecek başlıca yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları; güneş enerjisi, rüzgar enerjisi, jeotermal enerji ve biyokütle enerjisidir. Bu çalışmada, seraların ısıtılmasında kullanılabilecek doğal enerji kaynakları arasında en çok uygulama şansı olabilecek güneş enerjisi, jeotermal enerji ve biyokütle (biyogaz) enerjisinin ülkemizdeki potansiyeli, sera ısıtma sistemlerinde kullanılma olanakları ile ilgili bilgi verilmiş ve karşılaşılan sorunlar incelenmiştir Anahtar kelimeler: Yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları, Sera, Isıtma. Abstract:Greenhouses are used because they provide a more favorable environment for the growth of plants. In order to achieve optimum indoor conditions, it is necessary to heat the greenhouses, particularly during the cold seasons. However, even in the temperate zones, heating costs has a great portion in the total production costs. Therefore, in Turkish greenhouses, there is not a regular heating but only a local heating to prevent plants from freezing. Without having regular heating arrangements, there arise other problems such as lower yields, a restriction on type of production and hormone usage. Owing to the relatively high cost and uncertain availability of fossil fuels, considerable attention has been given to new and renewable energy sources as alternative means of heating greenhouses. In agricultural sector, mainly renewable energy sources are solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy and biomass energy. In this study, natural energy sources will be carried out heating in greenhouse; solar energy, geothermal energy and biomass energy were investigated and informed concerning these sources to be used in greenhouse heating systems.
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