The appropriateness of groundwater and surface water for domestic and agricultural uses was assessed in Kombolcha town located in Amhara region using water quality indexes. The town is one of the fast developing and emerging as a leading industrial town in Ethiopia and is selected as an industrial zone by the government. A total of eighteen groundwater and five surface water samples were collected using 250-ml sampling bottles at selected points and analyzed for major ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3−, SO42−, Cl−) in the dry season (May 2017) and wet season (Nov, 2017). A water quality index (WQI) method was applied to evaluate the suitability of the groundwater for drinking purposes using eighteen groundwater sampling points and fourteen parameters (EC, TDS, HCO3−, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl, SO42−, NO3−, PO43−, Cu, Fe and F−), and each parameters were also compared with WHO drinking guidelines. According to WQI, groundwater samples of the present study show excellent (72.2%) and good (27.8%) in the dry season and excellent (83.3%) and good (16.7%) in the wet season. Assessment of groundwater samples from Na+, Mg2+, K+, Cl−, SO42−, HCO3−, NO3−, PO43−, F− and Cu parameters indicates that groundwater of the study area is chemically suitable for drinking purposes. However, some are unsuitable according to the EC, TDS and Ca2+ and all are not suitable with reference to iron (Fe). Groundwater and surface water quality for irrigation were evaluated using SAR, RSC, MR, PI, KI and EC. The results show that most of the groundwater and surface water samples were suitable/excellent for irrigation with some places in the study locations that belong to the good and permissible. The sodium hazard versus salinity hazard of the entire water sample collected in two seasons falls into category C2-S1 and C3-S1, indicating low alkali hazards and excellent irrigation water. Groundwater samples in wet seasons are more suitable than in the dry season for drinking and irrigation purposes, and groundwater samples are less polluted than surface water. The main source of pollution in the study area is the effluents from industries.
The Kütahya plain is one of the plains in Kütahya/Turkey, where drinking, agricultural and industrial water supplies are highly dependent on groundwater resources. The local population largely depends on water from alluvial shallow aquifer waters and some on the Felent and Porsuk rivers. Appraisal of surface and groundwater quality is extremely important to make sure the sustainable use of it for drinking, agricultural, and industrial purposes. The chemical quality of surface and groundwater of Kütahya plain has been studied in detail in order to have better understanding of potential water quality. A total of 21 groundwater samples and 6 surface water samples were collected in and around the plain. The relative abundance of major ions (meq/l) for most of the water samples were Ca 2+ ˃Mg 2+ ˃(Na + +K + ) for cations and HCO 3 -˃SO 4 2-˃Cl -for anions. Five hydrochemical facies have been identified based on the major ion chemistry of the surface and groundwater of this area. However, based on hydrochemical facies, the type of water that predominates in the study area is CaMg/Mg-Ca-HCO 3 type during both December 2013 and June 2014. There is no significant change in the hydrochemical facies noticed during the two sampling periods. The chemical Index such as Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Sodium Percentage (%Na), Permeability Index (PI), Kelley Index (KI), Magnesium Ratio (MR), Potential Salinity (PS) and Total Hardness (TH) were calculated. The results indicated that SAR, RSC and KI values revealed 100%, %Na value revealed 92.6%, PI and PS values revealed 85.2% and MR value revealed 66.7% of water samples are within the safe limit suitable for irrigation. To sum up, the quality of surface and groundwater of Kütahya plain in general was suitable for irrigation.
ÖZKütahya Ovası içme, tarımsal ve endüstriyel su temininin yoğun olarak yer altı sularına bağlı olduğu Türkiye ovalarından biridir. Yerel halk genellikle sığ alüvyon akifer sularını ve kısmen de Felent ve Porsuk çaylarının sularını kullanmaktadır. Yüzey ve yer altı suyu kalitesinin değerlendirilmesi, bu suların içme, sulama ve endüstriyel amaçlarla sürdürülebilir şekilde kullanılabilmesini sağlamak bakımından son derece önemlidir. Kütahya Ovası'nın su kalitesinin daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi için yüzey ve yer altı suyunun kimyasal özellikleri detaylı olarak çalışılmıştır. Ovanın içinden ve civarından toplam 21 yer altı suyu ve 6 yüzey suyu numunesi toplanmıştır. Çoğu su örneği için iyonların göreli bollukları (meq/l); katyonlar için Ca +2 >Mg +2 >(Na, anyonlar için ise HCO 3 ->SO 4 -2 >Cl -şeklindedir. Bölgede yüzey ve yer altı suyunun ana iyon kimyasına bağlı olarak 5 hidrokimyasal fasiyes belirlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte çalışma alanındaki baskın su tipi Aralık 2013 ve Haziran 2014 dönemlerinde Ca-Mg/ Mg-Ca-HCO 3 'dır. İki örnekleme dönemi boyunca hidrokimyasal fasiyesi değiştirecek düzey-de bir değişim saptanmamıştır. Sodyum Adsorbsiyon Oranı (SAR), Kalıntı Sodyum Karbonat (RSC), Sodyum yüzdesi (%Na), Permeabilite İndeksi (PI), Kelley İndeksi (KI), Magnezyum Oranı (MR) ve Potansiyel Tuzluluk (PS) gibi kimyasal indeksler ve toplam sertlik (TH) hesaplanmıştır. Sonuçlar, su örneklerinin SAR, RSC ve KI değerlerine göre %100'ü, % Na değerlerine göre %92,6'sı, PI ve PS değerlerine göre %85,2'si ve MR değerlerine göre %70,4'si sulamada kullanım için uygun bulunmuştur. Özetle, Kütahya Ovası'ndaki yüzey ve yer altı sularının kalitesinin genel olarak sulama için uygun olduğu belirlenmiştir.
The study area, Kombolcha town, forms an important industrial town situated in the Eastern Amhara region, Ethiopia. The geology of the area is mainly composed of basalts, rhyolitic ignimbrites, and Quaternary sediments. Hydrogeochemistry and the source of ions in the groundwater of the study area are poorly understood. Therefore, the current study aims to assess the factors and the different hydrochemical processes significantly controlling groundwater quality, source, and chemistry. For this purpose, a total of eighteen groundwater samples were collected using 250 ml sampling bottles at selected points in the dry season (May 2017) and wet season (November 2017). Gibbs diagram, correlation analysis, scatter plots of ionic molar ratio relations, saturation index values (estimated using PHREEQC Interactive 2.8) were used to decipher the hydrogeochemical process. Gibbs diagram shows that the rock-water interaction process is the predominant, Na+/Cl- and Ca2+/Mg2+ molar ratio value of all groundwater samples in both seasons reveals that the groundwater chemistry of the area is controlled by silicate minerals weathering. The strong correlation of Ca2+ with Mg2+ in the dry season, and Ca2+ with HCO3- and Na+ with HCO3- in the wet season could also be an indication of silicate weathering and ion exchange processes. The impact of anthropogenic practices on groundwater chemistry is also seen from the strong correlation of Ca2+ with Cl-, NO3-, PO43- and F-, NO2- with K+, Mg2+, and PO43- , PO43- with F- , and NO3- with Na+, Cl-, HCO3- . The negative values of chloro-alkaline indices in both seasons indicate base-exchange reaction where an indirect exchange of Ca2+ and Mg2+ of the water with Na+ and K+ of the host rock occurs. Saturation indices results for the wet season show that the groundwater is under-saturated with respect to calcite, aragonite, dolomite, gypsum, and anhydrite. In the dry season, however, some of the waters are oversaturated with respect to calcite and aragonite. To sum up, the groundwater quality of the study area is controlled by geological processes and anthropogenic effects.
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