RESUMOA quantificação da evapotranspiração é de grande importância na modelagem hidrológica e meteorológica, sendo indispensável no manejo hídrico sustentável de cultivos irrigados. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo estimar a evapotranspiração real diária -ETr, em escalas local e regional, através de imagens TM -Landsat 5 e dados complementares coletados em estação meteorológica, através da aplicação do SEBAL -Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land. A área estudada fica localizada no Cariri cearense, sendo composta por áreas irrigadas, vegetação nativa e parte da floresta da Chapada do Araripe. Foram utilizadas quatro imagens, obtidas em 29 de setembro, 15 e 31 de outubro e 16 de novembro de 2005. A ETr diária foi estimada a partir da densidade de fluxo de calor latente (LE), obtida como resíduo da equação do balanço de energia. O SEBAL é constituído de várias etapas, que incluem calibração radiométrica, cômputo da reflectância e albedo, índices de vegetação e emissividade, baseados nas bandas reflectivas de sensores orbitais, e neste caso o TM -Landsat 5, além da temperatura da superfície (banda termal). Os resultados obtidos foram validados com medições da ETr obtidas em dois campos irrigados com mamona (Ricinus communis L.) e algodão (Gossypium hirsutum). A ETr diária média da área estudada apresentou valores de 3,8, 3,7, 4,6 e 3,4 mm.dia-1, para os dias 272, 288, 304 e 320, respectivamente. Quando comparados com medidas efetuadas nos campos irrigados de algodão e mamona os valores da ETr estimados pelo SEBAL apresentaram diferenças inferiores a 1,0 mm dia-1, evidenciando a sua importância e acurácia. Palavras Chave: Radiância espectral, balanço de energia, evapotranspiração real, SEBAL. ABSTRACT: ASSESSMENT OF DAILY ACTUAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION USING TM -LANDSAT 5 DIGITAL IMAGESQuantification of evapotranspiration is of great importance for hydrological and meteorological modeling and indispensable for water management of irrigated crops. In this sense the main objective of this study was the estimation of actual daily evapotranspiration (Etr), in local and regional scale, utilizing the SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land). The TM -Landsat 5 images and weather data were used in order to assess the energy balance components. The studied area is located in Cariri region, Ceará State, and is composed by irrigated areas, native vegetation and part of the

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SUMMARYField-based soil moisture measurements are cumbersome. Thus, remote sensing techniques are needed because allows field and landscape-scale mapping of soil moisture depth-averaged through the root zone of existing vegetation. The objective of the study was to evaluate the accuracy of an empirical relationship to calculate soil moisture from remote sensing data of irrigated soils of the Apodi Plateau, in the Brazilian semiarid region. The empirical relationship had previously been tested for irrigated soils in Mexico, Egypt, and Pakistan, with promising results. In this study, the relationship was evaluated from experimental data collected from a cotton field. The experiment was carried out in an area of 5 ha with irrigated cotton. The energy balance and evaporative fraction (Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ) were measured by the Bowen ratio method. Soil moisture (θ θ θ θ θ) data were collected using a PR2 -Profile Probe (Delta-T Devices Ltd). The empirical relationship was tested using experimentally collected Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ and θ θ θ θ θ values and was applied using the Λ Λ Λ Λ Λ values obtained from the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) and three TM -Landsat 5 images. There was a close correlation between measured and estimated θ θ θ θ θ values (p<0.05, R 2 = 0.84) and there were no significant differences according to the Student t-test (p<0.01). The statistical analyses showed that the

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forest ecosystems sequester large amounts of atmospheric co 2 , and the contribution from seasonally dry tropical forests is not negligible. thus, the objective of this study was to quantify and evaluate the seasonal and annual patterns of co 2 exchanges in the Caatinga biome, as well as to evaluate the ecosystem condition as carbon sink or source during years. in addition, we analyzed the climatic factors that control the seasonal variability of gross primary production (Gpp), ecosystem respiration (R eco) and net ecosystem co 2 exchange (nee). Results showed that the dynamics of the components of the co 2 fluxes varied depending on the magnitude and distribution of rainfall and, as a consequence, on the variability of the vegetation state. Annual cumulative NEE was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in 2014 (−169.0 g C m −2) when compared to 2015 (−145.0 g C m −2) and annual NEP/GPP ratio was 0.41 in 2014 and 0.43 in 2015. Global radiation, air and soil temperature were the main factors associated with the diurnal variability of carbon fluxes. Even during the dry season, the NEE was at equilibrium and the Caatinga acted as an atmospheric carbon sink during the years 2014 and 2015. CO 2 concentration has a high interannual variability due to its absorption by terrestrial ecosystems (carbon sinks) 1-5. However, despite this variability, data show a systematic increase in CO 2 throughout the years 6,7. In South America, the Amazon forest is an example of a terrestrial carbon sink (considering its 20-year mean behavior), although it has occasionally behaved as CO 2-neutral or even a carbon source in the last years 8. Interannual variability and trends in CO 2 sinks are controlled by different biogeographic regions. The annual mean behavior of sinks is controlled mainly by highly productive lands, such as wet tropical forests (i.e. the Amazon forest) 5. On the other hand, semiarid environments control the global scale trends observed in the last few decades 9,10. Despite its prominent role, there is still much to be studied and investigated regarding CO 2 exchanges in these regions, which are still much less understood than wet forests or croplands 5,10. According to the literature 10 , gaps in understanding CO 2 exchanges in these environments have limited our ability to understand and predict interannual and decadal variations on global scale carbon cycle. There are a few inherent difficulties when quantifying CO 2 exchanges in semiarid environments, such as the rapid expansion of some of its areas due to climate change and anthropic activities 11,12. Studies show that some regions in South America are becoming more arid, such as the Amazon 13,14 ; the Brazilian semiarid region, dominated by the Caatinga biome, which is a seasonally dry tropical forest (SDTF) 15-17 and the Cerrado, which is a Brazilian savanna-type vegetation 18 .