Cereals occupy an important place in the solving of food insecurity problems in the northern Cameroon. Chemicals continue to be the main tools to protect cereals during storage in spite of the deleterious effects due to their current usage. Nowadays, entomotoxic proteins of seeds of leguminous are more and more considered as alternative insecticides. Efficacy of crude flours of four legumes seeds, applied to the sorghum grains, was evaluated against Sitophilus oryzae L. (Coleoptrea: Curculionidae) by contact-ingestion. This research revealed that flours of bean and pea are very active on S. oryzae. The lethal dose 100 (LD 100 ) and the lethal times 100 (LT 100 ) are respectively 5 g and 20 days for pea's flour and 10 g and 50 days for bean's flour. The toxicity of flours' seeds increased with the dose and the duration of application (F=169.734***, Df =6; 28). During a period of 90 days, the flours of P. sativum and P. vulgaris keep their insecticidal activities, showing constant mortality rates for bean (F= 2.325ns, Df =6; 28) and for pea (F=1,91ns, df= 34). The flours of seeds of P. sativum and P. vulgaris at the weight ratio of 5 % and 10 % respectively can provide protection of sorghum grains against the attack of S. oryzae. The legumes seeds are the alternative active ingredients to hazardous conventional insecticides.
Dans de nombreux pays en voie de développement, 80% des captures de poissons sont fumés ou séchés afin de limiter les dégâts. Les insectes constituent un problème récurrent du poisson fumé stocké causant des grandes pertes économiques. Le but de l’étude réalisée dans quatre campements (Djeela, Nemeyong I, Malene I, Ndengué) de la boucle nord de la Réserve de Biosphère du Dja (RBD), était de déterminer la diversité des insectes ravageurs des poissons fumés stockés et leurs dégâts. Dans chaque campement, 25 outils de stockage des poissons fumés ont été inspectés, puis caractérisés et les espèces de poissons fumés identifiées. Lors de cette prospection, des collections de 8 espèces de poissons fumés ont été ramenées et mises en observation au laboratoire. Les insectes émergés des collections ont été dénombrés et identifiés et les dégâts évalués. Il ressort de cette étude que 31 espèces ichtyologiques appartenant à 12 familles sont fumées. Les Cichlidae (35,4%), les Clariidae (20,1%) et les Cyprinidae (10,3%) sont les familles les plus représentées. Oreochromis niloticus, Clarias gariepinus, Clariallabes manyangae sont les espèces les plus fumées. Les claies sont les outils de stockage les plus utilisés (46,66%). Excepté C. gariepinus infesté à 80%, les autres collections sont toutes infestées. Dermestes maculatus, Necrobia rufipes (Coléoptères) et Calliphora sp (Diptères) sont les insectes ravageurs des poissons fumés stockés. D. maculatus est le Coléoptère le plus préjudiciable aux stocks de poissons fumés avec 786 individus (99,49%) et 173,8 g de farine de forage. Les Insectes sont les principaux ravageurs des poissons fumés dans la RBD. C. gariepinus, C. manyangae et M. moorii sont les poissons fumés les plus attaquées. Les claies sont les outils de stockage les plus répandues.Mots clés : poissons fumés, structure de stockage, insectes ravageurs, dégâts, Réserve de Biosphère du Dja. English Title: Insect pests of smoked fishes during storage and damages done in the north loop of the Dja Biosphere Reserve (East-Cameroon) In many developing countries, 80% of fish catches are smoked or dried to limit losses. Insects are a recurring problem of stored smoked fishes causing great economic losses. The purpose of the study carried out in four camps (Djeela, Nemeyong I, Malene I, Ndengué) of the north loop of the Dja Biosphere Reserve (DBR), was to determine the diversity of insect pests of stored smoked fishes and their damages. In each camp, 25 smoked fish storage tools were inspected, then characterized, and the smoked fish species identified. During this survey, collections of 8 species of smoked fishes were brought back and put under observation in the laboratory. The insects emerged from the collections were enumerated and identified and the damage assessed. This study shows that 31 fish species belonging to 12 families are smoked. Cichlids (35.4%), Clariidae (20.1%) and Cyprinidae (10.3%) are the most common families. Oreochromis niloticus, Clarias gariepinus, Clariallabes manyangae are the most smoked species. Racks are the most used storage tools (46.66%). With the exception of C. gariepinus infested at 80%, the other collections are all infested. Dermestes maculatus, Necrobia rufipes (Coleopterans) andCalliphora sp (Dipterans) are the insect pests of the stored smocked fishes. D. maculatus is the more prejudicial Coleopteran to the storage of smoked fishes with 786 individuals (99.49%) and 173.8 g of drilling flour. Insects are the main pests of smocked fishes in the DBR. C. gariepinus, C. manyangae and M. moorii are the most attacked species. Racks are the most common storage tools.Keywords: Smoked fish, storage structure, insect pests, damages, Dja Biosphere Reserve.
RESUMELes insecticides synthétiques conventionnels dangereux continuent d'être en circulation au Cameroun en dépit des effets indésirables connus. Cette circulation est due à la libéralisation du secteur et au non suivi de la règlementation en la matière. Aussi, peu de produits alternatifs sont proposés dans la protection post récolte des grains par la science pour assurer leur retrait du marché tel que recommandé par le Protocole de Montréal. Le but du présent travail est de potentialiser l'activité insecticide des farines de pois et de haricot noir en formulation avec la cendre de tiges de mil sur Sitophilus oryzae L. (Coleoptrea: Curculionidae). De ce fait, la toxicité par contact-ingestion de la cendre de tige de mil est testée seule ou en combinaison avec les doses létales 100 des farines de haricot noir et de pois sur des imagos de S. oryzae. Cette étude a révélé que la cendre de tige de mil à la proportion 15% est la plus efficiente avec un taux de mortalité de 92,74%. Quant aux formulations poudreuses, les traitements aux 1/8 de pois et de haricot noir sont les plus efficaces au vu de la quantité réduite des farines de légumineuses dans ces combinaisons avec respectivement les traitements 1/8CP05 et 1/8CH10 qui induisent dans le même ordre 100±0% et 96,25±4,15% de mortalité. Des formulations poudreuses cendre+légumineuses peuvent donc assurer la protection des céréales au cours du stockage en milieu paysan. © 2018 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. ABSTRACTConventional hazardous synthetic chemicals continue to circulate in Cameroon despite known adverse effects. This circulation is due to the liberalization of the sector and the non-monitoring of the regulations in this area. Also, few alternative products are proposed in post-harvest grain protection by science to ensure their withdrawal from the market as recommended by the Montreal Protocol. The aim of the present work was to potentiate the insecticidal activity of pea and black bean flours in formulation with the ash of millets stalks on B. R. TAMGNO et L. S. NGAMO TINKEU / Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 12(1): 90-100, 2018 91 Sitophilus oryzae L. (Coleoptrea : Curculionidae). The test of toxicity by contact-ingestion of the ash of millet is done alone or in combination with the lethal doses 100 of black bean and pea flours on young adults of S. oryzae. The research carried out reveals that the ash of millet in the proportion of 15% is the most efficient with a mortality rate of 92.74%. As for powdery formulations, all combinations are effective on insect pest. The 1/8 combination of pea (1/8CP05) and black bean (1/8CH10) treatments are the most effective and induce respectively 100 ± 0% and 96.25 ± 4.15% mortality. The insecticidal preparations based on the formulation of the ash of millets and the flours of edible legume' seeds give interesting perspectives for the control of insect pests in grain storage systems.
The red flour weevil, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst 1797) is a pervasive pest, polyphagous which is becoming increasingly resistant to the normal insecticides. Finding alternative insecticides to those because of their inefficiency pollute the environment and poison consumers is an emergency. An ethno-botanical survey conducted with about 300 farmers in the Far North region of Cameroon identified 15 local plants insecticides associated with food during storage in combination with two or three others. Among these plants, the most used are Hyptis spicigera (Lamiaceae) 78%, Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) 76.6% and Vepris heterophylla (Rutaceae) 28,33% which is more used in mountain area. The powders of these single plants are insecticides on T. castaneum, however A. indica single or in combination with H. spicigera gives better insecticidal efficacy 73.33% and 66.67% mortality respectively.
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