Strategies to enhance the capacity of grafted stem/progenitors cells to generate multipotential, proliferative and migrating pools of cells in the postnatal brain could be crucial for structural repair after brain damage. We investigated whether the over-expression of basic fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) could provide a robust source of migrating NPCs for tissue repair in the rat cerebral cortex. Using live imaging we provide direct evidence that FGF-2 over-expression significantly enhances the migratory capacity of grafted NPCs in complex 3D structures, such as cortical slices. Furthermore, we show that the migratory as well as proliferative properties of FGF-2 over-expressing NPCs are maintained after in vivo transplantation. Importantly, after transplantation into a neonatal ischaemic cortex, FGF-2 over-expressing NPCs efficiently invade the injured cortex and generate an increased pool of immature neurons available for brain repair. Differentiation of progenitor cells into immature neurons was correlated with a gradual down-regulation of the FGF-2 transgene. These results reveal an important role for FGF-2 in regulating NPCs functions when interacting with the host tissue and offer a potential strategy to generate a robust source of migrating and immature progenitors for repairing a neonatal ischaemic cortex.
The initial formation and growth of dendrites is a critical step leading to the integration of newly generated neurons into postnatal functional networks. However, the cellular mechanisms and extracellular signals regulating this process remain mostly unknown. By directly observing newborn neurons derived from the subventricular zone in culture as well as in olfactory bulb slices, we show that ambient GABA acting through GABA A receptors is essential for the temporal stability of lamellipodial protrusions in dendritic growth cones but did not interfere with filopodia dynamics. Furthermore, we provide direct evidence that ambient GABA is required for the proper initiation and elongation of dendrites by promoting the rapid stabilization of new dendritic segments after their extension. The effects of GABA on the initial formation of dendrites depend on depolarization and Ca 2ϩ influx and are associated with a higher stability of microtubules. Together, our results indicate that ambient GABA is a key regulator of dendritic initiation in postnatally generated olfactory interneurons and offer a mechanism by which this neurotransmitter drives early dendritic growth.
In the mammalian brain, ongoing neurogenesis via the rostral migratory stream (RMS) maintains neuronal replacement in the olfactory bulb throughout life. Mechanisms that regulate the final number of new neurons in this system include proliferation, migration and apoptosis. Here we show that the polysialylated isoforms of the neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) act as a pro-survival molecule in immature newborn neurons. Confocal microscopic analysis revealed a threefold increase in TUNEL-positive cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the RMS of transgenic animals lacking the gene encoding NCAM (NCAM -/-), as compared with wild types. The enhanced apoptotic cell death occurred specifically in the population of mCD24-positive newborn neurons, but not in GFAP-positive astrocytes. Using in vitro cultures of purified SVZ-derived neurons, we demonstrate that the loss or inactivation of PSA on NCAM, as well as the deletion of NCAM, lead to reduced survival in response to neurotrophins including BDNF and NGF. These changes in cell survival are accompanied by an upregulation of p75 neurotrophin receptor expression in vitro as well as in vivo. Furthermore, the negative effects of PSA-NCAM inactivation on cell survival could be prevented by the pharmacological blockade of the p75 receptor-signaling pathway. We propose that PSA-NCAM may promote survival by controlling the expression of the p75 receptor in developing neurons.KEY WORDS: Neuronal survival, Neurotrophin, PSA-NCAM, p75 (Ngfr), Olfactory bulb, Neurogenesis Development 134, 1181Development 134, -1190Development 134, (2007 DEVELOPMENT 1182 a 30%:70% mixture of O 2 :air, and maintained in a stereotaxic frame. One microliter of a suspension containing the lentivector at a concentration of 1ϫ10 9 transducing units/ml was stereotactically injected (coordinates from the bregma: 0 mm anterior, 0 mm posterior, 1 mm lateral) with a Hamilton syringe at a depth of 1.5 mm from the surface of the brain. Animals were sacrificed 4 days after the injection and brains processed for immunofluorescence. Cell culture and reagentsSVZ-derived cultures were prepared from newborn rats (P0) or P7 mice as previously described (Gascon et al., 2005). Briefly, the SVZ was dissected from coronal slices, dissociated mechanically, trypsinized and purified using percoll gradient centrifugation. Cells were plated onto polyornithine (Sigma, St Louis, MO) -coated cell culture supports and allowed to grow in Neurobasal Medium (Gibco, Paisley, UK) with 2% B27 supplement (Gibco), 2 mM L-glutamine (Gibco) and 1 mM sodium pyruvate (Sigma).For experiments with neurotrophins, recombinant human NGF and BDNF were purchased from Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (Tarrytown, NY). The inhibitors myriocin, fumonisin B1 and SP600125 were obtained from Biomol (Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA) and K252a from Calbiochem (Merck Biosciences, Germany). To remove PSA from cell surfaces, we used the enzyme Endo-N, purified from phage K1 (Kiss et al., 1994). Endo-N has been shown to rapidly and specifically degrade linear...
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