A novel free-standing and flexible electrospun carbon-silica composite nanofibrous membrane is newly introduced. The characterization results suggest that the electrospun composite nanofibers are constructed by carbon chains interpenetrated through a linear network of 3-dimensional SiO2. Thermogravimetric analysis indicates that the presence of insulating silica further improve the thermal resistance of the membrane. Additionally, the mechanical strength test shows that the membrane's toughness and flexibility can be enhanced if the concentration of SiO2 is maintained below 2.7 wt %. Thermal and chemical stability test show that the membrane's wettability properties can be sustained at an elevated temperature up to 300 °C and no discernible change in wettability was observed under highly acidic and basic conditions. After surface-coating with silicone oil for 30 mins, the composite membrane exhibits ultra-hydrophobic and superoleophilic properties with water and oil contact angles being 144.2 ± 1.2° and 0°, respectively. The enhanced flexibility and selective wetting property enables the membrane to serve as an effective substrate for separating free oil from water. Lab-scale oil-water separation test indicates that the membrane possesses excellent oil-water separation efficiency. In addition, its inherent property of high porosity allows oil-water separation to be performed in a gravity-driven process with high-flux. We anticipate that this study will open up a new avenue for fabrication of free-standing carbonaceous composite membrane with tunable flexibility for energy efficient and high-throughput production of clean water.

An oil spill needs timely cleanup before it spreads and poses serious environmental threat to the polluted area. This always requires the cleanup techniques to be efficient and cost-effective. In this work, a lightweight and compressible sponge made of carbon-silica nanofibers is derived from electrospinning nanotechnology that is low-cost, versatile, and readily scalable. The fabricated sponge has high porosity (>99 %) and displays ultra-hydrophobicity and superoleophilicity, thus making it a suitable material as an oil adsorbent. Owing to its high porosity and low density, the sponge is capable of adsorbing oil up to 140 times its own weight with its sorption rate showing solution viscosity dependence. Furthermore, sponge regeneration and oil recovery are feasible by using either cyclic distillation or mechanical squeezing.

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In this study, we fabricated a novel micro/nanowire hierarchical membrane with flexible, self-cleaning and underwater superoleophobic properties for efficient oil-water separation under vacuum filtration. This novel membrane composed of ultralong copper microwires (MW) and functional TiO 2 nanowires (NW). The ultralong copper microwires act as a scaffold, as well as providing mechanical flexibility for the membrane, which allow it to be operated under vacuum-driven condition. Meanwhile, underwater superoleophobic TiO 2 nanowires membrane provides nano-scale pore size, ensuring the filtration of smaller oil droplets under vacuum condition. Moreover, the possession of the self-cleaning function of TiO 2 nanowires allows the degradation of foulants and contaminants under UV irradiation, which promote the facile recovery of the used membrane. Clearly, the employment of this novel membrane can be considered as a practical option for efficient oil-water separations.

Globally, efficient oil-water separation for surfactant-stabilized oil-water emulsions has been in urgent demand. The current options available for separation are neither sustainable nor resistant to fouling. Herein, we introduce a hierarchically nanostructured TiO2/Fe2O3 composite membrane, which is capable of separating surfactant-stabilized oil-water emulsions with high separation efficiency. The high oil rejection rate is contributed by the acquisition of an interconnected delicate network and underwater superoleophobic interface. Meanwhile, its self-cleaning function promote the facile recovery of the contaminated membrane. Furthermore, the mechanical flexible characteristic of the TiO2/Fe2O3 composite membrane widens its applicability in industrial employment. Thanks to these properties, this novel membrane can be considered as a practical option for treating surfactant-stabilized oil-water emulsions.