Kanker payudara merupakan kanker dengan insidens tertinggi pada wanita di dunia maupun di Indonesia. Kanker payudara juga menduduki peringkat pertama sebagai penyebab kematian pada wanita akibat kanker di dunia dan di Indonesia. Tiap tahun ditemukan 1.200 kasus baru penderita kanker payudara pada usia dibawah 30 tahun, Status homonal melalui ekspresi estrogen receptors (ER) dan progesterone receptors (PR) telah lama digunakan untuk menentukan kesesuaian penderita terhadap terapi endokrin. Belakangan ini pemeriksaan human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2/neu) telah digunakan sebagai petanda prognosis dan untuk memprediksi respon pengobatan. Untuk penderita dengan triple negative tumors ini perlu diadakan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk menemukan petanda prognosis dan target terapi baru.
<p><br />Insiden kanker payudara di seluruh dunia masih tinggi. Pembedahan tetap merupakan pilihan utama dengan modalitas lain berupa kemoterapi, radiasi, dan imunoterapi antara lain Artemisia vulgaris (AV). Penelitian dilakukan untuk membuktikan efek pemberian ekstrak AV terhadap kadar IL-12 dan indeks apoptosis sel kanker pada adenokarsinoma mammae. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain post test only control group design menggunakan 24 ekor mencit C3H betina yang dibagi secara acak menjadi empat kelompok, yaitu: K (kontrol), P1 (kemoterapi), P2 (ekstrak AV), dan P3 (kombinasi kemoterapi dan ekstrak AV). Adriamycin 0,18mg dan Cyclophosphamide 1,8mg diberikan sebanyak 2 siklus. Ekstrak AV diberikan 13mg (0,2ml) perhari. Kadar IL-12 dinilai dengan pengecatan imunohistokimia sedangkan indeks apoptosis dengan hematoxilin eosin. Rerata kadar IL-12 dan indeks apoptosis didapatkan K, P1, P2, P3 berturut-turut 60,28+1,54, 50,40+1,56, 75,40+1,46, 53,48+1,35 dan 2,18+0,80, 18,00+1,58, 3,34+0,51, 20,32+1,39. Analisis statistik menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada kadar IL-12 antara kelompok K vs P1, P2, P3 (p=0,001), P1 vs P2 (p=0,001), P1 vs P3 (p=0,028), P2 vs P3 (p=0,001) dan indeks apoptosis antara kelompok K vs P1, P3 (p=0,001), P1 vs P2 (p=0,001), P1 vs P3 (p=0,035), P2 vs P3 (p=0,001). Terdapat hubungan positif kuat yang signifikan antara kadar IL-12 dengan indeks apoptosis (p=0,041 dan r=0,893). Pemberian ekstrak Artemisia vulgaris dapat meningkatkan kadar IL-12 dan indeks apoptosis sel kanker pada mencit C3H dengan adenokarsinoma mammae yang diberi regimen kemoterapi Adriamycin-Cyclophosphamide.</p>
Aim – This study aimed to analyze the association between B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase (BRAF) V600E and tumor size, lymph node, and distant metastasis (TNM) status on patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. Material and Methods – This research is a cross-sectional study. A total of 40 samples were papillary thyroid carcinoma tissue paraffin blocks from thyroidectomy surgery at State General Hospital (RSUP) Dr. Kariadi Semarang. Assessment of BRAF V600E mutation protein expression through immunohistochemical methods using antibody BRAF V600E was conducted. Results – The mean age of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma with a positive BRAF V600E mutation was 49 years. The highest incidence was 71.4% in women. A significant difference between BRAF V600E and tumor size (p=0.03) was observed with as many as 53.2% more cases at size > 4 cm. A significant difference in the expression of BRAF V600E with enlargement of the lymph node (p=0.011) by 60.7% was observed compared to those without enlarged lymph nodes. On the other hand, no significant relationship between BRAF V600E expression and distant metastasis (p=0.652) was observed. The prevalence ratio in the positive BRAF V600E case at tumor size is more than 4 cm, and enlargement of lymph is 9.533 and 7.727. Conclusion – There is a significant relationship between BRAF V600E expression and tumor size and enlarged lymph nodes, while there is no significant relationship between BRAF V600E expression and distant metastases.
Background. Primary squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) of the thyroid is a very aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis. There is no consensus for the management of primary squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) of the thyroid, and this is based on rare cases in which the frequency of occurrence is less than 1% of thyroid malignancies. How squamous cell carcinoma originates in the thyroid gland is an interesting topic to discuss, because the thyroid gland does not have a squamous cell epithelium. Case Presentation. A 43-year-old man was admitted to the DR Kariadi Hospital with complaints of a lump on the right neck. In June 2020, the patient complained of a lump in the right neck area with a diameter of about 1x1x1 cm, no pain. Ultrasound of the colli at the regional hospital showed the impression of multiple lymphadenopathy of the right colli level 2-5, and there were cystic nodules with solid parts in the right and left lobes of the thyroid suspected of being benign. An adenectomy operation was performed at a regional hospital and the impression of metastatic squamous undifferentiated carcinoma was obtained. Conclusion. The management of thyroid PSCC is a multimodality therapy, namely surgery, chemotherapy and radiation.
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